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199 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Crop
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plant cultivated for use by humans
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Producer
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organism that makes its own food from energy and carbon atoms in its environment; autothroph
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Consumer
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organism that must obtain energy to build its molecules by consuming other organisms; heterotroph
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Food chain
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liner pathway of energy transfer in an ecosystem
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Cell respiration
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process by which living things obtain energy from the bonds of food molecules
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Photosynthesis
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process by which organisms use light energy to produce ATP and other organic molecules from inorganic molecules
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Heterotroph
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organism that cannot make its own food
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Autotroph
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Organism that obtains energy from sunlight or chemicals
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Choanocyte
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unique flagellated cell surrounded by a collar of microvilli found inside sponges
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Amoebocyte
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amoeba-like cell that supplies nutrition and removes wastes form sponge body cells
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Ectoderm
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in animals, the outer layer of embryonic tissue from which the skin and nervous system develop
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Mesoderm
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middle layer of embryonic tissue in animals from which the skeleton and muscles develop
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Endoderm
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in animals, inner layer of embryonic tissue from which the digestive organs develop
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Radial symmetry
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arrangement of body parts around a central point
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Cnidocyte
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stinging cell used by cnidarians to stun prey
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Nematocyst
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barbed harpoon within a cnidocyte of a cnidarian, used to spear prey
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Medusa
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free-swimming, bell-shaped, mouth-down body plan of a cnidarian; jellyfish
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Polyp
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in cnidarians, a cylindrical, pipe-shaped animal usually attached to a rock
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A symmetry
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lacking symmetry
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Intracellular digestion
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food is digested inside the cell
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Extra cellular digestion
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food is digested outside the cell
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Cell recognition
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interaction between cells that is possibly dependent upon specific adhesion
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Neuron
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cell of nervous tissue that transmits a nerve impulse
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Nerve net
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a type of simple nervous system that is found in members of the phylum cnidaria
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Gastrovascular cavity
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digestive cavity with a single opening that functions as both mouth and anus
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Budding
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a way to a sexual reproduce where a small part of the parent's body grows into a new individual
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Hermaphrodite (monocots)
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organism that produces both eggs and sperm
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Dioecious
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having unisexual reproductive units
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Gem mule
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food-filled buds producing by freshwater sponges in cold or dry weather
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External fertilization
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union of egg and sperm occulting outside the body of either parent
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Hydrostatic Skelton
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a structure found in many soft-bodied invertebrates consisting of a fluid-filled cavity, the coelom, surrounded by muscles
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Spongin
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flexible structural protein fibers in the mesenchyme of some sponges
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Spicules
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needle of silica or calcium carbonate in the skeleton of some sponges
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Mesoglea
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the clear, inert, jellylike substance that makes up most of the bodies of jellyfish, comb jellies and certain primitive sea creatures in the phylum cnidaria
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Pseudocoelom
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a body cavity located between the endoderm and the mesoderm
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Acoelom
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animal that lakes a coelom or body cavity
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Coelom
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fluid- filled body cavity that forms within the mesoderm
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cephalization
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process of head development in bilaterally symmetric animals
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Anterior
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Front end of bilaterally symmetric animal
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Posterior
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back end of a bilaterally symmetric animal
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Dorsal
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top surface of a bilaterally symmetrical animal
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Ventral
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bottom surface of a bilaterally symmetrical animal
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Endoskeleton
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an internal skeleton
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Exoskeleton
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hard external covering of some invertebrates
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Open circulatory system
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system in which blood leaks out of bloods vessels and bathes the body's tissues
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Closed circulatory system
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system in which the blood does not leave the blood vessels and materials pass in and out by diffusing across the walls of the vessels
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Bilateral symmetry
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animal configuration with left and right halves that mirror each other
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Gill
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of fishes, structure located in the pharynx that is the site of gas exchange
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Larvae
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independent, immature stages in animal development that emerges from an egg
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Mantle
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heavy fold of tissue that surrounds the visceral mass of mollusks
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Radial
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rasping tongue-like organ of mollusks used in obtaining food
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Visceral mass
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central section of a mollusk that contains the body's organs
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Ganglion
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a tissue mass, which is composed mainly of somata and dendritic structures, which often interconnect with each other to form a complex system of ganglia known as a plexus.
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Flame cell
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specialized excretory cell found in the Platyhelminthes function like a kidney, removing waste materials
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Nephridia
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tiny tube-like structures
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Crop
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plant cultivated for use by humans
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Gizzard
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a portion of the digestive tube of earthworms where strong muscles grind up the organic material in ingested soil
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Adductor muscle
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Attachment between the two valves of a mollusk that cause the shell to open and close
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Mantle cavity
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space between the mantle and the visceral mass of mollusks
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Segmentation
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the division of some metazoan bodies and plant body plans into a series of semi-repetitive segments
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Cephalothorax
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the mid-body region in arthropods; consists of a head fused with a thorax
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Ecdysis (molting)
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process of shedding and discarding the exoskeleton; also called molting
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Malpighian tubules
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Slander, fingerlike organ of excretion that opens into the gut of certain arthropods
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Mandibles
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arthropod with jaws
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Metamorphosis
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process of changing through which an immature organism passes as it grows to adulthood
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Nymph
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juvenile stage of some insects that is a smaller version of the adult
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Alveolus
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Microscopic air sac in the lung where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged
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Amnion
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membrane enclosing the embryo
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Amnionic egg
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watertight, fluid-filled egg in birds, reptiles, and mammals
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Atrium
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a chamber that receives blood returning to the heart
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Cartiledge
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lightweight, strong, and flexible connective tissue
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Chorion
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outer membrane surrounding embryos of birds, reptiles, and mammals that contributes to the development of placenta
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Ectothermic
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referring to an animal whose body temperature is determined by the temperature of the environment
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Endothermic
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refers to an animal that generates its own body heat
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Internal fertilization
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fertilization that occurs within the body of the female parent
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Lung
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sponge like respiratory organ of a vertebrate that enables gas exchange between the air and the blood
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Nephron
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tube-like structure in the kidneys that filters wastes from the body and retains useful molecules
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Oviparous
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term that describes organisms that produce eggs that hatch outside the mother’s body
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Ovoviviparous
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term that describes organisms that produce eggs that hatch inside the mother's body
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Placenta
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organ that nourishes the embryos of placental animals
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Septum
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thick wall that divides the atrium or ventrical vertically into right and left halves
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Swim (air) bladder
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the gas- of fat-filed sac of bony fishes that provides it with nutrients
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Ventricle
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thick-walled heart chamber that pumps blood from the heart
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Atrium
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a chamber that receives blood returning to the heart
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Viviparous
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term used to describe organisms whose young are born alive from egg cells that develop within the mother's body
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Genus
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taxonomic category containing similar species
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Taxonomy
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science of naming and classifying organisms
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Binomial nomenclature
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a system for giving each organism a two-word scientific name that consists of the genus followed by the species
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Scientific name
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unique two-word name for a species in taxonomy; the first word is the genus, the second word is the species
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Family
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taxonomic category containing genera with similar properties
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Order
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taxonomic category consisting of families with similar characteristics
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Class
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taxonomic category containing orders with common characteristics
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Phylum
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a taxonomic category containing classes with similar characteristics
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Kingdom
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taxonomic category that contains phyla with similar characteristics
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division/domain
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in taxonomy, an alternative term for phylum
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Species
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group of organisms that look alike and are capable of producing fertile offspring in nature
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Nucleotide
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subunit of nucleic acids consisting of nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group
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Deoxyribose
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Five carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides
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Adenine
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a purine base; component of nucleotides
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Guanine
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nitrogen base of the purine class; component of DNA and RNA nucleotides
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Thymine
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nitrogenous base of the pyrimidine class; component of DNA
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Cytosine
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nitrogenous base of the pyrimidine class; component of RNA and DNA
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Purine
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class of organic, nitrogenous molecules in nucleic acids that have a double ring of carbon and nitrogen
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Pyrimidine
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class of organic, nitrogenous molecules in nucleic acids that have a single ring of carbon and nitrogen
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Base pairing rule
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Chargaff's rules that state the amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine and the amount of guanine equals the amount of cytosine
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Double helix
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spiral-staircase structure characteristic of the DNA molecule
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Complimentary
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characteristic of nucleic acids in which the sequence of bases on one strand determines the sequence of bases on the other
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Replication
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process of synthesizing a new strand of DNA
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Helicase
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enzyme that unwinds a DNA molecule's double helix before replication
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Replication fork
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point at which the double helix of DNA separates so that it can be copied
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DNA polymerase
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enzyme that catalyzes the replication of DNA
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Ribonucleic acid
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a type of nucleic acid that participates in the expression of genes
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Gene expression
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two stage processing of information from DNA to proteins
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Transcription
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stage of gene expression in which the information in DNA is transferred to mRNA
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Translation
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stage of gene expression in which the information in mRNA is used to make a protein
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RNA polymerase
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enzyme that carries out transcription
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Promoter
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specific sequence of DNA that acts as a "start" signal for transcription
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Terminator
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sequence of bases that tells RNA polymerase to stop transcription
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Messenger RNA
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RNA copy of a gene used as a blueprint for the making of a protein during translation
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Transfer RNA
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interpreter molecule that translates mRNA sequences into amino acid sequences
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Ribosomal RNA
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type of RNA molecule that plays a structural role in ribosomes
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Codon
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a three-nucleotide sequence in DNA or RNA that encodes an amino acid or signifies a stop signal
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Genetic code
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sequence of nucleotides that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein
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Anticodon
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a three-nucleotide sequence on tRNA that recognizes a codon on mRNA
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Gene
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section of chromosome that codes for a protein or RNA molecule
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Chromosome
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cellular structure on which genes are located
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Chromatid
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one of a pair of strands of DNA that make up a chromosome during meiosis or mitosis
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Centromere
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region joining two chomatids
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Homologous chromosome
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chromosomes that are similar in shape, size, and the genes they carry
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Diploid
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term used to indicate cell contain two homologues of each chromosome
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Haploid
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having only one set of chromosomes
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Autosome
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a chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex
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Sex chromosome
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chromosomes that differ between males and females
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Genetics
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study of heredity
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True breeding
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displaying only one form of a particular trait in offspring
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P generation
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plants that displayed only one form of a particular trait
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F1 generation
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the offspring from a cross of two varieties
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F2 generation
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the offspring from crosses among individuals of the F1 generation
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Dominant
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trait tat is expressed when its allele is homozygous or heterozygous
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Recessive
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the trait that is not expressed in F! generation after crossing
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Homozygous
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refers to a pair of genes, or an individual, with two identical alleles for a trait
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Heterozygous
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refers to a pair of genes, of an individual, with two different alleles for a trait
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Allele
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an alternative form of a gene
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Phenotype
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observable characteristics of an organism
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Genotype
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genetic constitution of an organism as indicated by its set of alleles
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Law of segregation
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law stating that pairs of genes separate in meiosis and each gamete receives one gene of a pair
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Law of independent assortment
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law stating that pairs of genes separate independently of one another in meiosis
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Cell cycle
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repeating five-phase sequence of eukaryotic cell growth and division
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Mitosis
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process in which the nucleus of a cell divides into two nuclei, each with the same number and kind of chromosomes
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Cytokinesis
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division of the cytoplasm
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Interphase
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period of growth between two mitotic or meiotic divisions of a eukaryotic cell
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Spindle fiber
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network of hollow protein cables that form between separated centrioles and move chromosomes apart
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Centromere
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region joining two chrinatids
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Meiosis
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process in which the nucleus of a cell completes two successive divisions that produce four nuclei, each with a chromosome number that has been reduced by half
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Crossing over
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the exchange of reciprocal segments of DNA by chromosomes at the beginning of meiosis; source of genetic recombination
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Reduction division
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in meiosis, term used to indicate the reduction of the number of chromosomes
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Genetic recombination
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rearrangement of genetic material
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Probability
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the likelihood that a specific event will occur
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Hybrid
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offspring of individuals from two different species
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Monohybrid cross
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cross involving one pair of contrasting traits
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Punnett square
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diagram used by biologist to predict the probable outcome of a cross
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Dihybrid crosses
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a cross that involves two pairs of contrasting traits
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Incomplete dominance
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condition in which a trait is intermediate between two parents
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codominance
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condition in which both alleles for a gene are expressed when present
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Multiple alleles
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having more then two alleles (versions of the gene) for a genetic trait
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continuous variation
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a genetic phenomenon in which a trait is controlled by several genes and therefore exhibits a variety of phenotypes
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Gamete
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haploid cell that participates in fertilization by fusing with another haploid cell
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Zygote
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Fertilized Egg cell
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Trisomy
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condition in which a diploid cell has an extra chromosome
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karyotype
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array of the chromosomes found in an individual's cells arranged in order of size and shape
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Down syndrome
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a syndrome of congenital defects, especially mental retardation, resulting from an additional copy of chromosomes
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Nondisjuction
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accident in chromosome separation when one daughter cell receives both chromosomes and the other daughter cell receives none
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Amniocentesis
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procedure in which a sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn and tested for genetic abnotmalities in a fetus
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Chorionic villi sampling
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fetal-testing procedure in which pieces of the chorinic villi in a mother's uterus are removed and examined for genetic abnormalities
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Mutation
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change in the DNA of a gene or chromosome
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Deletion
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mutation in which a nucleotise or segment of DNA is lost
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Duplication
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form of mutation in which a chromosome contain an extra copy of a segment of DNA
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Inversion
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mutation in which a chromosome fragment rejoins its original chromosome with its nucleotides reversed
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translocation
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form of mutation caused by a chromosome fragment joining a nonhomologous chromosome during cell division
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Sex-linked trait
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a trait that is determined by a gene found on the X chromosome
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Pedigree
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family history of traits recorded over generations
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Population
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group of individuals that belong to the same species, live in the same area, and breed with others in the group
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Natural selection
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process by which population change in response to their environment as individuals better adapted to the environment leave more offspring
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Adaptation
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process of becoming adapted to an environments; an anatomical structure, physiological process, o behavioral trait that improves an organism's likelihood of survival and reproduction
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Microevolution
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change that occurs within a species over time
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Isolation
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condition in which two populations of a species are separated so that they cannot interbreed
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Macroevolution
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change that occurs among species over time as new species evolve and old species become extinct
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Paleontology
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Common ancestor
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species from which two or more species diverged
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Homologous structure
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structures that share a common ancestry
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Vestigial structure
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structure reduced in size and function; considered to be evidence of an organism’s evolutionary past
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Gradualism
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model of evolution in which gradual change over a long period of time leads to macroevoltion
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Punctuated equililbrium
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model of evolution in which short period of rapid change in species are separated by long periods of little or no change
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Divergence
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accumulation of differences between groups; can lead to the formation of new species
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Hardy-Weinberg Principle
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principle stating that the frequency of alleles in a population does not change unless evolutionary forces such as selection act on the population
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Allele frequency
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the relative abundance of an allele of a gene within a population, expressed as a percentage
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Gene flow
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movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population
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Non-random mating
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mating between individuals of the same genotype
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Genetic drift
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random change in allele frequency in a population
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