Bio: Vascular Systems In Animals And Plants

Front 1

what kind of circulation does a protozoan
cnidarian/hydra
arthropod
annelid
human...have?

Back 1

protozoan (single-celled animal-like protista) employs simple diffusion.

cnidarians and hydras have no specialized circulatory system either since their body walls are two cells thick and thus there is direct contact with either the internal or external environment.

arthropods have open circulatory systems, meaning that their tissues are directly exposed to the blood; blood is circulated by body movements.

annelids have closed circulatory systems; blood circulates through vessels by the power of the dorsal vessel which acts like a heart. has aortic loops.

Front 2

parts of the heart

Back 2

the left part of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood into lung chambers (pulmonary circulation) via the pulmonary arteries.

the right side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the upper and lower body via the aorta.

the two upper chambers are the atria and the two lower chambers are called the ventricles.

Front 3

three types of blood vessels

Back 3

arteries, veins, capillaries

arteries: thick-walled, muscular, elastic, transfer blood away from the heart (oxygenated)

veins: thinly-walled, inelastic, conducts deoxygenated blood toward the heart. circulation in the veins relies less on the pumping of the heart and more on the compression of skeletal muscles.

capillaries: smallest diameter of all vessels, blood cells pass through single-file.

Front 4

lymphatic system

Back 4

a second circulatory system which transports excess interstitial fluid (lymph)to the cardiovascular system. lymph nodes on lymph vessels contain leukocytes, phagocytic cells which filter the lymph (the interstitial fluid) and remove foreign particles and pathogens.

Front 5

blood

Back 5

55 percent liquid
45 percent cellular

liquid: nutrients, salt, gases, wastes, hormones

cellular: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

Front 6

erythrocytes
leukocytes
platelets

Back 6

red blood cells: one erythrocyte has millions of hemoglobin; each hemoglobin can carry 4 oxygens. form from stem cells in bone marrow, mature and circulate for 120 days

white blood cells:
lymphocytes: antibodies (B) and T cells
other white blood cells: phagocytize foreign matter

platelets: cell fragments that form clots, lack nuclei

Front 7

functions of cardiovascular system

Back 7

transport of gases, transport of nutrients and wastes, clotting mechanims, and immunological reactions

Front 8

transport of gases

Back 8

erythrocytes in the blood carry oxygen and co2 on their hemoglobin. each hemoglobin can adhere to 4 molecules of oxgyen.

Front 9

transport of nutrients and waste

Back 9

amino acids and sugars are absorbed into intestinal capillaries; they are transported throughout the body. metabolic waste (water, urea, carbon dioxide) is also absorbed and diffuses into capillaries and are taken to excretory organs.

Front 10

clotting mechanism

Back 10

when platelets come into contact with exposed collagen, a platelet plug is formed which causes secretion of thromboplastin, which activates prothrombin into thrombin, which in turn converts fibrinogen into fibrin, which coats the area and traps blood cells, preventing lethal loss of blood.

Front 11

immunological reactions

Back 11

produced by leukocytes: white blood cells, ie lymphocytes. recruit antibodies and cells that phagocytize.

body recognizes between self and non-self (antigens)

Front 12

antigens

Back 12

non-self entities.
body has ability to remember antigens previously encountered.

Front 13

humoral immunity

cell-mediated immunity

Back 13

response which produces antibodies

combat against viral and fungal infection

Front 14

humoral immunity

Back 14

production of antibodies, aka Igs, immunoglobins, which tag antigens for removal: leukocytes phagocytize. antigodies can also cause the antigen to agglutinate to facilitate removal.

Front 15

active immunity vs. passive immunity

Back 15

both are humoral immunities.

active immunity is when the organism itself produces antibodies during an immune response, which can be conferred with a vaccine.

passive immunity occurs when antibodies produced by one organism are passed onto another organism, such as from a mother to a fetus. this does not last long; only as long as antibodies circulate. usually not very specific.

Front 16

immunological response:
nonspecific defense mechanisms

skin, macrophages, passages, inflammatory response, interferons

Back 16

skin is a physical barrier against infection. sweat from pores secretes enzyme which attacks bacterial walls.

passages are lined with mucous-coated epithelial cells trap foreign substances

macrophages (stationary leukocytes) phagocytize foreign bacteria

inflammatory response: when cells are damaged, recruits histamine, which causes blood vessels to dilate and increases blood flow to region so that granulocytes can phagocytize antigens.

Interferons are produced when cell is under viral attack. interferons diffuse to other cells to prevent spread of virus.

Front 17

allergic responses

Back 17

immune responses due to inappropriate reactions to foods or pollen, causes production of antibodies and histamine

Front 18

rejection of transplants

Back 18

when organ tissue is detected as an antigen, transplant is rejected. immuno-suppressing drugs can prevent this.

Front 19

ABO blood types:

A type
B type
AB type
O type

Back 19

A type has A antigens and produces B antibodies.

B type has B antigens and produces A antibodies.

AB type has both A and B antigens and produces no antibodies.

O type has no antigens and produces A and B antibodies.

Front 20

Blood donations

Back 20

The donor's blood must have no antigens that the recipient has antibodies for.

Type AB is the universal recipient and type O is the universal donor.

Front 21

erythroblastosis fetalis and Rh factor

Back 21

the Rh factor is another antigen that can be present on the surface of red blood cells. If a mother is Rh- and is sensitized by entering Rh+ fetal blood cells, if she has another child with Rh+ blood cells, her antibodies may cause erythroblastosis fetalis, severe anemia.

Front 22

why can erythroblastosis not occur due to ABO mismatch?

Back 22

because A and B antibodies are not allowed to cross the placenta.

Front 23

circulation system in plants is called

Back 23

translocation

Front 24

plant translocation occurs in

Back 24

stem; in vascular bundles composed of phloem, cambium and xylem.

Front 25

phloem

cambium

xylem

Back 25

phloem made up of outer part of vascular bundle. thin-walled cells: bark. transports nutrients down the stem. if tree is girdled, will die because phloem connections severed.

cambium cells are actively dividing becoming new xylem or phloem.

xylem cells are hollow and thick-walled. carry water and minerals up the stem by capillary action, vacuum created by evaporation from leaves (transpiration pull), and by root pressure.

Front 26

Layers of plant root from outermost to innermost.

Back 26

epidermis, cortex, phloem, cambium, xylem

Front 27

root functions to

Back 27

absorb water and minerals from the soil through root hairs which have increased surface area for absorption.

Front 28

Regions of growth in plant

Back 28

meristem (undifferentiated plant cells) are located in the cambium layer for lateral growth and at tips of roots and stems for elongation

Front 29

functions of lymphatic system

Back 29

The lymphatic system is comprised of three interrelated functions: (1) Removal of excess fluids from body tissues, (2) Absorption of fatty acids and subsequent transport of fat, chyle, to the circulatory system and (3) production of immune cells (such as lymphocytes, monocytes, and antibody producing cells called plasma cells).