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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does ATP stand for?
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adenosine triphosphate
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Where is the energy in an ATP molecule?
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In the phosphate tail.
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What are the three major types of work that cells do?
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chemical-building molecules
mechanical-moving muscle protein transport-pumping solutes through a membrane. |
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What is the chemical equation for respiration?
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C6H12O6+6O2--6CO2+6H2O+36-38ATP
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What are the four stages of respiration?
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1.Glycolysis
2.Formation of Acetyl CoA 3.Krebs Cycle 4.Oxidative Phosphorylation(ETC) |
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What does the word glycolysis mean?
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The braking apart of glucose.
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What occurs in glycolysis?
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1 glucose molecule (6 carbon molecule) is broken down into 2 pyruvic acid or pyruvate (3 carbon molecule)
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How much energy is used and gained in glycolysis?
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2 ATPs are used, but 4 are produced. For each glucose molecule,glycolysis yields 2 new ATP.
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Where does the cell send the 2 pyruvic acids?
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To the mitochondria.
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What are the pyruvic acids converted to?
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Acetyl CoA
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How many carbons does a pyruvate have before it enters the Kreb cycle
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3
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How many carbons does acetyl CoA have and why?
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2 carbon molecules because the third was taken away to yield carbon dioxide
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What does acetyl CoA join with as it enters the Krebs cycle?
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oxaloacetate, a 4 carbon molecule
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What does the Kreb's cycle produce?
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4 CO2, 2 ATP, 2 FADH and 6 NADH
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What carries electrons produced by the Kreb's cycle to the electron transport chain?
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NADH and FADH2
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What do the electrons "bounce" down
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A series of proteins called the electron transport chain or ETC
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AS the electrons are passed down the ETC, the energy they lose is used to?
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Pump hydrogen ions (H+) across the mitochondrial membrane
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What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC?
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Oxygen
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The higher concentration of hydrogen ions on the outside of the membrane are pumped into the mitochondrial membrane through what?
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ATP synthase
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What is the total number of ATP molecules produced by glycolysis, Kreb's cycle and ETC?
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38 at most
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What are the two types of anaerobic respiration?
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Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation
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Lactic acid occurs in what cells when oxygen is in short supply?
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muscle cells
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When does lactic acid fermentation occur in respiration?
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After glycolysis in the cytoplasm
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In lactic acid fermentation, what is pyruvic acid converted to what and regenerates what?
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Lactic acid and NAD+
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How many molecules of ATP does lactic acid fermentation produce?
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0
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Where does alcoholic fermentation occur?
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In yeast and some bacteria.
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Pyruvic acid is converted to what 2 things?
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Ethanol alcohol and carbon dioxide
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What is the equation for photosynthesis?
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6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6 O2
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Where does photosynthesis occur?
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In the chloroplasts of photosynthetic eukaryotes
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What two steps in photosynthesis?
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The light reactions in the thylakoids and the Calvin cycle in the stroma
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Which photosystem does light hot first?
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Photosystem II
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Where do the excited electrons go?
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To the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
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What splits to replace the missing electrons?
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Water (this is called photolysis)
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When the electrons are passed down the ETC, the energy from the electrons is used to_____.
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Pump H ions into the inner thylakoid space (Lumen)
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What re-energizes the electrons hen they are in the ETC?
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Photosystem I
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What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC during Photosynthesis?
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NADP+, creating NADPH
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What happens to the greater concentration of H+inside the thylakoid?
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They diffuse outward through the ATP synthase.
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What occurs first in the Calvin Cycle?
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3 CO2 are added to RuBP (a 5 carbon molecule)
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The 3 new 6 carbon molecules immediately break down into what in the Calvin Cycle.
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6 3 carbon molecules of PGA.
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What energy molecules are used to turn the PGAS into PGALs?
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6 ATPs and 6 NADPHs
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In the Calvin Cycle, what happens to one of the PGALs?
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It goes into the cytoplasm
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How many ATPs are used to turn 5 PGAL into 3 RuBP?
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3 ATPs
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It takes turns of the Calvin Cycle to create 2 _____. These combine to create 1 ___ molecule.
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2, PGAL, glucose
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How many molecules does respiration yield?
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38
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