Bio Unit 4 Chapter 31

Front 1

Tissue

Back 1

is made-up of specialized cells of the same or similar type that perform a common function in the body.

Front 2

The tissues of most complex animals come in four major types

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1) Epithelial Tissue
2) Connective Tissue
3) Muscular Tissue
4) Nervous Tissue

Front 3

Epithelial Tissue

Back 3

• Also called epithelium. Consists of tightly packed cells that form a continuous layer.
• Covers surfaces and lines body cavities.
• Usually a protective function but also can be modified to carry out secretion, absorption,
excretion, and filtration.
• Epithelial cells may be connected to each other by junction proteins:
o Tight junctions
o Gap junctions
o Adhesion junctions
• Epithelial tissue is often exposed to the environment on one side, but attached to a basement membrane on the other side.
o Basement membrane: thin layer of various types of proteins that anchor the epithelium to the extracellular matrix.

Front 4

Basement membrane

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thin layer of various types of proteins that anchor the epithelium to the extracellular matrix.

Front 5

Simple Epithelia

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Only have one layer of cells and is classified according to cell type

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Squamous epithelium (Simple Epithelia)

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composed of flattened cells, irregularly shaped sometimes.
Found in the lining of blood vessels and air sacs of lungs.

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Cuboidal epithelium (Simple Epithelia)

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contains cube shaped cells
Found lining the kidney tubules and various glands

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Columnar epithelium (Simple Epithelia)

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cells resemble rectangular pillars or columns
Nuclei of cells usually located at the bottom of each cell
Found lining the digestive tract where it absorbs nutrients form small intestine
These cells in the small intestine have microvilli

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Psuedostratified epithelium (Simple Epithelia)

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appears to be layered but actually isn’t because on close examination, all cells touch the basement membrane at some point. Some of these cells can have cilia on them. These are found in trachea of lungs where they help mucus move up the throat.

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Stratified epithelium (Complex epithelia)

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has layers of cells piled up on each other. Only the bottom layer has cells touching basement membrane.

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Stratified squamous (Complex epithelia)

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cells are found in the nose, mouth, anal canal, esophagus, and vagina. So is the outer layer of skin.

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Glandular epithelium (Complex epithelia)

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when epithelium secretes a produce, it is called glandular.
A gland can be a single epithelial cell or a gland can contain many cells (simple or compound).
Exocrine glands:
Endocrine glands:

Front 13

Connective Tissue

Back 13

• Most abundant and widely distributed tissue in complex animals
• Diverse in structure and function but all have three components:
o Specialized cells: called fibroblasts. These cells are located some distance from each other and are separated by a jelly like substance made up of white collagen fibers or yellow elastic fibers
o Ground substance:
 Non cellular, made up of fluid or semifluid or solid material
o Protein fibers:
 Three kinds of fibers: white Collagen fibers, Reticular fibers, yellow Elastic fibers

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Fibrous connective tissues

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a. Loose connective tissue:
b. Adipose tissue:
c. Dense fibrous connective tissue:

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Supportive connective tissues

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Cartilage, Bones

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Cartilage

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Cells lie in small chambers called lacunae
More flexible than bone because the matrix has not been mineralized
Lacks direct blood flow so heals much more slowly than other tissues
Functions in support and protection
Three kinds that are distinguished by their matrix and fiber types.

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Hyaline cartilage (Cartilage)

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o most common cartilage type
o Contains only fine collagen fibers
o Matrix is white/translucent
o Hyaline is found in nose, ends of long bones and ribs. Forms rings in walls of respiratory passages.
o Fetal skeleton is made up of this later to be replaced by bone.

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Elastic cartilage (Cartilage)

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o More elastic fibers than hyaline
o Found in outer part of ear (pinna)

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Fibrocartilage (Cartilage)

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o Matrix of this cartilage contains strong collagen fibers
o Withstands pressure well so found in wedges in the knee joint and in pads between vertebrae

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Compact bone

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o Make up the shaft of long bones
o Consists of cylindrical structural units called osteons
o Central canal of each osteon is surrounded by rings of hard matrix
o Bone cells area located in lacunae between rings of matrix.
o Blood vessels in central canal
o Thin extensions of bone cells within small canals called canaliculi connect the cells to each other and the central canal
o Hollow shaft of long bones are filled with yellow marrow

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Spongy bone

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o Ends of long bones
o Contains numerous bony bars and plates, separated by irregular spaces
o Site of red bone marrow, where blood cells are produced.

Front 22

Fluid Connective Tissues

Back 22

Blood

Front 23

Blood

Back 23

Consists of formed elements (cells),platelets, and plasma
Is a fluid connective tissue located in blood vessels.
Functions as transport system for oxygen, water balance, nutrients, pH balance, ion balance.
Also functions in the removal of CO2 and wastes

 Red Blood cells:
 White Blood cells:
 Platelets :
 Lymph:

Front 24

Muscular Tissue

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• Composed of cells called muscle fibers
• Muscle fibers contain actin and myosin fibers. The interaction of these two accounts for movement
• Muscles also account for generation of heat
• Three distinct types of muscles:

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Skeletal muscle

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 Also called “voluntary muscle”
 Is attached to skeleton by tendons
 Contraction is under voluntary control and is faster than other muscle type contractions
 Muscle fibers are cylindrical, and long
 Muscle fibers arise during development when several cells fuse together to make one long fiber with many nuclei. Nuclei are located at the edge of cell next to plasma membrane
 Fibers are striated because of location of actin and myosin fibers

Front 26

Smooth muscle

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 Also known as visceral muscle or” involuntary muscle”
 Spindle shaped cells, each with their own nuclei
 Form layers that look irregularly stacked
 Found in walls of intestine, stomach and other internal organs

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Cardiac muscle

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 Found only in walls of heart
 Are also striated but combines the features of both Skeletal and Smooth muscle
 Involuntary contractions (for the most part)
 Cells usually have centrally located nucleus
 Each cardiac muscle cell appears to be fused to neighbor but this is actually not true
As each cell is an individual and separate but the ends are bound to other cardiac cells by intercalated disks.

Front 28

Nervous Tissue

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• Contains nerve cells called neurons and supporting cells called neuroglia.
• About 1 trillion neurons in human body
• Neuroglia is a collective term for many different cells that are involved with the support and nutrition of the neurons.
• The nervous system conveys signals termed nerve impulses throughout the body.

Front 29

Neurons

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 Specialized cell has three parts: dendrites, a cell body and an axon
 Neurons have three functions: sensory input, integration of data, and motor output.

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Neuroglia

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These cells out number neurons by as much as 10 to 1
 Three main cells involved: Astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes

Front 31

Organs

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composed of two or more tissue types working together to form a particular function

Front 32

Organ Systems

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Many different organs working together to carry out a general purpose (see table)

Front 33

Body Cavities

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Vertebrates have two main body cavities: Smaller dorsal cavity and the larger ventral cavity.
During development, the ventral cavity forms from the coelom.
In humans and other mammals, the coelom is divided by the muscular diaphragm that assists breathing.
The ventral cavity is further divided into three parts:
• Thoracic cavity
• Abdominal cavity
• Pelvic cavity

Front 34

The Integumentary System

Back 34

The integumentary System, consists of the Skin, its derivatives (such as hair ,scales, feathers) and its accessory organs.
The integumentary System is the largest and most obvious organ system of the body.

Front 35

Accessory Structures of Human Skin

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1. Nails


2. Hair Follicles


3. Oil glands


4. Sweat glands

Front 36

Regions of the Skin

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1. The Epidermis

2. The Dermis

3. The Subcutaneous Layer