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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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wtf is the human genome project
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People read the whole human genome and sequenced DNA.
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what is the number of genes in human genome?
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20,500
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what are genes
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DNA sequences that code for functional proteins
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how many chromosomes do we have
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22 pairs autosomal
1 pair sex ; - ) |
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diploids
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have two sets of chromosomes
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haploids
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one set of chromosomes
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wtf are gametes
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sex cells (haploids)
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wassap w/ somatic cells
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non sex cells
(diploid) |
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introns
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NON CODING
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EXONS
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CODE 4 DNA
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what are regulatory sequences
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increase or decrease the expression of specific genes
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what is an example of a regulatory sequence
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promoters, repressors, enhancers
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repeat sequences
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segments of DNA that repeats
who tf knew |
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PCR basics
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o Uses DNA primer instead of RNA primer
o Uses heat resistant DNA polymerase to copy DNA template o Doesn’t need helicase |
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PCR ingredients
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water w/ ions, (buffer to keep pH constant), DNA template, PCR primers, polymerase
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PCR Steps + temps
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1. Denaturation 95
2. Annealing 60 3. Elongation 72 4. REPEAT |
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what happens during each step
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1. denaturation-hydrogen bonds break, double helix splits
2. annealing- 2 diff primers attach to each strand 3. elongation- dna polymerase copies each strand |
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• Restriction enzymes
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cut DNA molecules at a limited number of specific DNA sequences (restriction sites)
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• Palindromic restriction site
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top strand reads the same as bottom strand running in opposite directions
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what does Ligase letcha do
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allows you to mix/match and combine genes from diff. organisms (recombinant DNA)
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• Sticky ends
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overhanging, crooked, bond with other stickies
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• Blunt ends
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no overhang, straight line, don’t bond with other blunts
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what does Gel Electrophoresis do
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separates the DNA fragments obtained from sources by size
creates electrical field |
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how does DNA respond w/ gel electrophoresis
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o DNA responds because it moves towards positive electrode (structure→phosphate functional groups have negative charge)
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Bitter tasting lab steps
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DNA isolation
PCR |
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alleles
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two diff. gene types, each is allele
TT or tt |
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o SNPS
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single changes of nucleotides that change which allele it is, when the difference between two alleles is just one nucleotide
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o Polymorphisms
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differences between alleles
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