Bio Test Ii

Front 1

nerve cells

Back 1

conduct impulses

Front 2

muscle cells

Back 2

control body movement

Front 3

cleavage

Back 3

rapid cell division that a zygote undergoes

Front 4

gastrulation

Back 4

series of cell and tissue movements in which the blastula stage embryo folds inward, producing a three-layer embyro called a gastrula

Front 5

blastoplore

Back 5

in gastrula, opening of archenteron

Front 6

how are animal larva different from adult

Back 6

sexually immature

morphologically different

different diets

different habitats

Front 7

what caused cambrian explosion?

Back 7

new predator/prey relationships

a rise in atmospheric oxugen

evolution of hox gene complex

Front 8

closest protist relative of animals

Back 8

choanoflagellates

Front 9

supergroup of animals

Back 9

unikonta

Front 10

radial symmetry

Back 10

dorsal/ventral

Front 11

bilateral symmetry

Back 11

Front 12

cephalization

Back 12

dvlpmt of a head/sensory structures at anterior end

Front 13

ectoderm

Back 13

covers embryo surface

Front 14

endoderm

Back 14

innermost germ layer-lines digestive tract

Front 15

mesoderm

Back 15

layer between endo and ectoderm

Front 16

diploblasts vs. triplobasts

Back 16

diplo's have ecto- and endoderm

triplos have ecto- endo- and mesoderm

Front 17

cleavage (proto vs. deutero)

Back 17

protostomes: spiral and determinate

deuterostomes: radial and indeterminate

Front 18

fate of blastoplore

Back 18

protostomes: mouth

deuterostomes: anus

Front 19

5 points of agreement between molecular and morphological phylogenic trees

Back 19

1. all animals=metazoa, share a common ancestor

2. sponges are basal animals

3. eumetazoa- clade of animals with true tissues

4. most animals are clade bilatera

5. chordates+some others belong to clade deuterostomes

Front 20

invertebrate

Back 20

animal without a backbone, represents 95% of all animals

Front 21

do sponges have true tissues?

specialized cells?

Back 21

no

yes, choanocytes- collar cells and amoebocytes for digestion

Front 22

2 body forms of cnidarians

Back 22

polyp (sessile)

medusa (motile)

cnidarians are oldest eumetazoa

Front 23

lophophore

Back 23

crown of ciliated tentacles for feeding

ectoprocta, brachipoda have lophophores

Front 24

trochophore

Back 24

have a life cycle with a ciliated larval stage

mullusca, annelida have trochophores

Front 25

common name for platyhelminthes

Back 25

flatworms

Front 26

what do ectoprocts and brachiopods have in common

Back 26

both lochotrochozoans

triploblasts

bilateral symmetry

deuterostomes

sessile

aquatic

coelomates

lophophores

u-shaped alimentary canals

Front 27

3 main body parts of mollusc

Back 27

foot, mantle, visceral mass

Front 28

open circulatory system

Back 28

fluid (hemolymph) is pumped by the heart through vessels that open into interstitial space

Front 29

closed circulatory system

Back 29

fluid (blood) is pumped by the heart through closed vessels, resources move out of vessels to interstitial place and then into cells

Front 30

purpose of circ system

Back 30

distribute resources to cells and remove waste

Front 31

annelids are __________ worms

Back 31

earth

segmented

Front 32

ecdysozoa do what?

Back 32

ecdysis - shed cuticle

Front 33

ecdysozoa 2 phyla

Back 33

nemotoda- alimentary canal, no circ sys, aquatic or damp terrestrial

arthropoda- exoskeleton, specialized appendages, sensory structures, segmented bodies, open circ sys

Front 34

3 arthropod characteristics that have contributed to success on earth

Back 34

segmented bodies

hard exoskeleton

jointed appendicies

Front 35

how do terrestrial arthropods carry out gas exchange

Back 35

use internal surfaces- most have tracheal system: branched air ducts that lead to interior from pores in exoskeleton

Front 36

how do aquatic arthropods carry out gas exchange

Back 36

gills with thin, feathery extensions, high surface area in contact with water

Front 37

arthropoda subfyla

Back 37

cheliceriforms (horseshoe crab)

myriapods (centipedes)

hexapods (insects)

crustaceans (shrimp, crab)

Front 38

complete metamorphosis

Back 38

transformation of a larva into adult that looks very different and functions differently from larva

Front 39

incomplete metamorphosis

Back 39

nymphs resemble adults but smaller, goes through series of molts until reaching adult size

Front 40

how many insect species

Back 40

873,000

Front 41

what adaptation allowed insects to thrive on land?

Back 41

flight

escape predators

find food/mates

disperse

Front 42

specialized appendages of arachnids

Back 42

1 pair of chelicerae for feeding

1 pair of pedipalps for senesing, feeding, reproduction

Front 43

how are echinoderms and chordates similar?

Back 43

share many features of embryonic dvlpmt

Front 44

chordate w/o backbone

Back 44

lacelets

tunicates

hagfish

Front 45

non-motile animal phyla

Back 45

sponges (calcarea, scilicea)

ectoprocta

brachipoda

(some echinodermata and some cnidaria)

Front 46

phylum includes animals with only 1 sex

Back 46

mullusca --> snails

Front 47

More common:

diplo vs. triplo

radial vs. bilateral

coelomates vs. psuedo

Back 47

triplo

bilateral

coelomates

Front 48

sessile

Back 48

animal is attached to a subtrate and doesn't move

Front 49

verterbrae

Back 49

series of bones that make the vertebral column (backbone)

Front 50

are all chordates vertebrates?

Back 50

no

Front 51

4 derived traits of chordate

Back 51

1. notochord (skeletal support)

2. dorsal, hollow nerve cord (dvlps brain/spinal cord)

3. pharyngeal slits or clefts- allow water to enter/exit without passing through digestive tract

4. muscular, post anal tail for movement

Front 52

lancelets larva vs. adults

Back 52

have all 4 characteristics of of chordates as both larva and adults

Front 53

tunicates as larva and adults

Back 53

have chordate characteristics mainly during larval stage

undergo radical metamorphosis

adults are sessile

Front 54

what do lancelets and tunicates use pharyngeal slits for

Back 54

suspension feeding

Front 55

craniates

Back 55

chordates with a head/skull

have 2 clusters of hox genes and a neural crest, higher metabolic rate

Front 56

most primitive craniates

have vertebrae

Back 56

hagfish

nope

Front 57

gnathostomes

traits

Back 57

jawed vertebrates

hinged structures and teeth that enable them to grip/slice food

Front 58

common organisms within chondrychthes

Back 58

sharks

rays

Front 59

traits of bonyfish

Back 59

bony endoskeleton, breathe by drawing water over gills protected by bony flap (lungs or lung derivatives), swim bladders to control buoyancy, skin covered by scales/mucus

Front 60

ray-finned vs. lob-finned

Back 60

lobe-finned have thicker finned bones and are muscles whereas ray-finned fish are supported by bony rays

Front 61

derived traits of tetrapods

Back 61

limbs, feet with digits, neck, bones of pelvis fused to backbone, no gill slits, ears

Front 62

4 tetrapos classes

Back 62

amphibians

reptiles

birds

mammals

Front 63

how are amphibians tied to water

Back 63

lay eggs in water bc they must stay moist

skin needs to be moist for gas exchange

Front 64

how is amniotic egg an adaptation to life on land

Back 64

egg shells prevent drying out

Front 65

ectothermic vs. endothermic

Back 65

ectotherms do not use metabolism to regulate body heat

Front 66

tetrapods ecto- or endothermic?

Back 66

ecto- ambphibians and reptiles

endo- birds and mammals

Front 67

adaptations that allow birds to fly

Back 67

strong pectoral muscles

feathers of keratin/wings

no urinary bladder

small gonads

1 female ovary

no teeth

Front 68

monotremes

Back 68

mammals with hair and milk but lay eggs

Front 69

marsupials

Back 69

young born early and complete dvlpt while nursing in mothers pouch

Front 70

eutharians

Back 70

placental mammals- embryo is retained in uterus, sustained by placenta throughout dvlpmt

Front 71

9 derived traits of chordata and 1st group

Back 71

1. notochord-lancelets

2. head/skull-hagfish

3. vertebral column-lamprey

4. jaws/mineralized skeleton- sharks/rays

5. bony skeleton- lung or lung derivative

6. lobed-fins- lobe finned fish

7. 4 limbs- amphibians

8.amniotic egg- reptiles

9. milk- mammals

Front 72

anatomy

Back 72

form

Front 73

physiology

Back 73

function

Front 74

SA vs. VOL

Back 74

larger animals have more cells, not larger ones, increased surface area means increased rate of exchange

Front 75

exchange in simple (hydra) vs. complex animals

Back 75

hydras consist of 2 layers of cells. fluid moves in./out of mouth and every cell can exchange mat directly with aqueous environment

complex: internal exchange surfaces

Front 76

advantage to being complex

Back 76

skeleton for protection

sensory structures

gradual digestion and nutrient absorption

survival in variable environments

Front 77

4 levels of organization

Back 77

cells

tissues

organs

organ system

Front 78

interstitial fluid

Back 78

between cells, allows for movement of material into/out of cells

Front 79

circulatory fluid

Back 79

delivers gases and and nutrients to cells and takes waste away

Front 80

homeostasis

Back 80

maintaining steady state or internal balance regardless of external environment

Front 81

acclimatization

Back 81

animals adjust their normal range to external environmental changes. this occurs in an individuals lifetime and is a reversible, physiological change

Front 82

thermoregulation

Back 82

animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range

Front 83

endothermy

Back 83

body heat is generated by metabolism, requires animal to eat more, can be more active in a wider range of temps

Front 84

ectothermy

Back 84

body heat comes from outside sources, can tolerate a wide range of body temperatures

Front 85

poikilotherms

Back 85

body temp varies with environment

Front 86

homeotherms

Back 86

maintain a relatively constant body temp

Front 87

circ adaptation that reduced heat loss

Back 87

veins and arteries in penguins run anti-parallel, use countercurrent exchange to conserve heat

Front 88

basal metabolic rate

Back 88

minimum metabolism for a non-growing endotherm at rest with no stress at a comfortable temperature

Front 89

which is more energetically expensive: endo or ecto?

Back 89

endothermy

Front 90

factor that can significantly influence energy budget

Back 90

thermoregulation (whether endo or ectotherm)

size

Front 91

body size vs. energy budget

Back 91

larger animals require more energy but smaller endotherms require more energy PER unit weight (they have higher metabolic rates)

smaller animals dedicate more of their energy (by %) to thermoregulation

Front 92

3 types or torpor

Back 92

hibernation (adaptation to winter cold/food scarcity)

estivation (high temps and water scarcity)

daily torpor (small animals and birds- adaptation to feeding patterns)

Front 93

behavior

Back 93

nervous system response to a stimulus and is carried out by muscular or hormonal system

helps animal find food or partner, or maintain homeostsis

Front 94

Proximate causation

Back 94

"how" environmental stimuli trigger a behavior and the genetic, physiological, and anatomical mechanisms underlying the behavior

Front 95

ultimate causation

Back 95

"why" evolutionary significance

how does behavior affect survival and reproduction

Front 96

fixed action pattern

cue?

exa

Back 96

sequence of unlearned, innate behaviors that are unchangeable

triggered by an external cue known as a sign stimulus

male stickleback fish, aggressive towards fish with red belly

Front 97

3 types of oriented movement

Back 97

kinesis (simple change in activity in response to stimuli)

taxis (movement toward or away from stimulus)

migration (regular, long-distance location change)

Front 98

innate vs. learned behavior

Back 98

innate is developmentally fixed and under strong genetic influence

learned behavior has been modified based on specific life experiences

Front 99

habituation

Back 99

loss of responsiveness to stimuli

Front 100

imprinting

Back 100

formation of a long-lasting bond with an individual

includes learning and innate components