Bio Test Chapter 4 11/2

Front 1

electron microscope

Back 1

specimen must be dead (killed under the vacuum of the microscope)

invented by ruska

you can see organelles

Front 2

scanning microscope

Back 2

views surface of the specimen in great detail

cannot view inside specimen

bounces electrons off the surface of the specimen to create the picture

Front 3

cilia is made of what

Back 3

microtubules

cilia can be seen with a scanning electron microscope

Front 4

compound light microscope

Back 4

uses light, cannot magnify to as great a detail as an electron microscope

you can view living specimen

Front 5

prokaryotic cells

Back 5

simplest cells- bacteria are the only prokaryotic cells

first life ever on earth was prokaryotic

Front 6

eukaryotic

Back 6

has specialized functions and organelles

Front 7

what is the difference between the two kinds of bacteria

Back 7

archae- "old bacteria" 3.5 billion years ago, first life on earth, chemoautotrophic (takes energy from heat vents/chemicals in volcanoes, deep sea etc)

eubacteria- 1.5 billion years old, more abundant than archaebacteria, heterotrophic or photosynthetic, breaks stuff down, creates energy, causes disease, helps ecosystem, etc

Front 8

what are the three kinds of bacteria shapes and their latin names

Back 8

spiral- spirillus
rod- bacillus
round- cacuus

Front 9

what are the four prefixes for bacteria shapes and what do they mean

Back 9

mono- alone
diplo- bacteria pair up
strepto- bacteria lines up in thread shape
staphylo- bacteria bunches together in a group kind of like grapes

Front 10

so how is a bacteria described if it is paired up with another bacteria and it has a rod shape

Back 10

diplobacillus

Front 11

explain the endosimbiotic theory

Back 11

billions of years ago the only life on earth were prokaryotic bacteria. Eventually smaller bacteria started to live in the bigger bacteria. They formed a symbiotic relationship (they both help eachother to survive). Another example of a symbiotic relationship is clownfish and anemone. Eventually the smaller bacteria became organelles (explains why mitochondria has its own DNA and makes its own proteins). When this happened Eukaryotic cells were created (1.5 years ago)

Front 12

what are the two functions of pili and where is pili found

Back 12

connects bacteria together and helps bacteria exchange DNA

pili is found poking out from the plasma membrane of the cell.

Front 13

histones

Back 13

chromatin is made of chromosomes which are wrapped around proteins called histones

Front 14

what are the two parts of a cytoskeleton and what is the difference between them

Back 14

microtubules- hollow
microfilaments- solid

Front 15

ER

Back 15

largest organelle
the more reactive a cell is the more ER it will have. ex. if someone is doing heroine they will have more ER in their cells than someone who is not doing heroine

Front 16

1663

Back 16

hooke

Front 17

1668

Back 17

redi

Front 18

1673

Back 18

leawenhoek

Front 19

1831

Back 19

brown

Front 20

1839

Back 20

schleiden schwann

Front 21

1858

Back 21

virchow

Front 22

1861

Back 22

vonkolliker

Front 23

1898

Back 23

golgi

Front 24

1882

Back 24

koch

Front 25

1931

Back 25

ruska

Front 26

1953

Back 26

watson crick

Front 27

what are the five parts of a prokaryotic bacteria and what do they do

Back 27

pili- exchanges DNA and attatches bacteria to one another
plasmids- made of DNA- 3-5 DNA's long
ribosomes- only organelle in a prokaryotic cell, makes proteins,
nucleoid- where the one chromosome is since there is NO nucleus
flagella- helps bacteria move

Front 28

where does photosynthesis take place in a bacteria cell

Back 28

in the plasma membrane

Front 29

what are the three types of ways a bacteria can aquire energy

Back 29

heterotrophic bacteria- eat other things for energy
photosynthetic bacteria- uses sunlight for energy
chemoautotrophic bacteria- live in heat vents, volcanoes, deep sea etc and use heat/chemicals for energy

Front 30

what is the process where DNA is exchanged through the Pili in bacteria called

Back 30

conjugation

Front 31

bacteria reproduce____

Back 31

asexually

Front 32

why do some antibodies not work anymore

Back 32

b/c natural selection lets the antibodies kill the bacteria that cannot survive the antibody, the only ones left are the ones that can survive the antibody and those cells reproduce so eventually the antibody doesnt work and a new one must be invented

Front 33

where is the cis side and the trans side of the golgi apparatus

Back 33

cis- side near the nucleus
trans- side near the plasma membrane

Front 34

what are the proteins packaged in in the golgi

Back 34

into vesicles that are sent to the plasma membrane to be sent out of the cell using exocytosis

Front 35

how does the cell know what protein goes where

Back 35

each protein is labeled with carbohydrates that line the sides of it, this helps the body know where to send the protein

Front 36

where are the three places that a protein can go

Back 36

plasma membrane
outside the cell
other organelles

Front 37

facilitated diffusion uses a _______ embedded in the membrane to help move a larger molecule through the membrane

Back 37

protein

Front 38

what can pass through the plasma membrane without energy

Back 38

small and uncharged particles

Front 39

what can't pass through the membrane but can with energy

Back 39

ions, small hydrophillic molecules, and large things (like sugars)

Front 40

what do protein passageways/channels in the plasma membrane do

Back 40

they help move larger molecules through the lipid bilayer without the help of energy by providing a passage for the molecule to pass through

Front 41

what are the two types of endocytosis

Back 41

phagocytosis- cell eating
penocytosis- cell drinking

Front 42

hydrolytic enzymes

Back 42

digestive enzymes found in the lysosomes
hydrolytic enzymes are created in the rough Er, sent to the Golgi, and then sent into the cytoplasm and made in lysosomes

Front 43

what will happen if a cell was dropped into a

hypertonic solution?
hypotonic solution?
isotonic solution?

Back 43

hypertonic- the cell would shrivel up (water is leaving the cell)
hypotonic- the cell would expand and explode (water is going into the cell)
isotonic- the cell is at equilibrium with the solution its in and nothing will happen