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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an "acoelomate"?
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Something without coelom
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What is "coelom"?
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A fluid-filled body cavity that is lined w/ mesoderm tissue
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What kind of symmetry do flatworms have?
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Bilateral symmetry
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Flatworms rely on what process to preform some essential body functions?
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Diffusion
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What is a "pharynx"?
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A muscular tube that pumps food into the digestive cavity
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How does a flatworm digest nutrients?
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They have a digestive cavity with a single opening, near that "mouth" is the pharynx which pumps food into the cavity. There, food is digested by cells
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How do parasitic flatworms digest?
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They do not have a complex digestive system because the food the eat has already been digested by the host
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What different things do flatworms rely on diffusion for?
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Transport oxygen, nutrients to tissues, and to remove carbon dioxide
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What are "flame cells" and how do they functions?
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Specialized cells that remove excess water from the body. Also they can filter and remove metabolic wastes
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What is a "ganglia" and how does it function?
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A group of nerve cells that control the nervous system. Two long nerve cords run from the ganglia along both sides of the body
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What is an "eyespot"?
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A group of cells that looks like an eye, but can detect changes in the amount of light in their environment
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What is a "hermaphrodite", and are flatworms this?
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A hermaphrodite has both male and female reproductive organs. A flatworms is one, and they reproduce sexually
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Also in free-living flatworms what can happen?
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Asexual reproduction, which is done by fission (an organism splits in two)
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Where do most Turbellarians live?
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In marine or fresh water
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How are flukes parasitic?
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They infect the internal organs of their host
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What is the life cycle of a fluke?
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First, the create an embryo and reproduce asexually. Then the go into a host such as a snail, and form a tailed larva, then the tailed larva can enter a human and travel to their intestine where they mature
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Where are flukes mostly?
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In tropical areas that lack proper sewage systems
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What disease can flukes cause?
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Schistosomiasis
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How do tapeworms get food, and where in the host do they dwell?
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They travel to the intestine and absorb already digested food through their body walls
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What are "proglottids'?
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Segments which make up most of the worm's body. Mature ones contain both male and female reproductive parts
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How do tapeworms reproduce?
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They can fertilize themselves, or others. After eggs are fertilized, proglottids break off and burst to release the eggs or "zygotes".
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How do most tapeworms infect humans?
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Through under cooked meat
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What is a "pseudocoelom"?
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It means "false coelom". In roundworms, it is a body cavity between the endoderm and the mesoderm
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Roundworms have a digestive tract with ________ openings
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Two
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Do roundworms have segments?
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no
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How do roundworms feed?
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The have grasping mouth parts that catch and eat other small animals
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How does respiration, circulation, and excretion function in roundworms?
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THey exchange gasses and excrete through their body walls. They have no internal transport system, so the use diffusion
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What kind of skeleton do roundworms have?
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A hydrostatic skeleton
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How do roundworms reproduce?
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They reproduce sexually, and most are either male or female.
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Name 4 parasitic roundworms?
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Trichinosis-causing worms, filarial worms, ascarid worms, and hookworms
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What is "Trichinella" and how is it caused?
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It's a disease caused by a kind of roundworms. The female worms carry fertilized eggs into the intestinal and release larvae. The larvae travel through blood-stream and burrow into organs causing terrible pain for the host
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How do humans get this disease?
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By eating raw or under-cooked meat
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How are filarial worms transferred?
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Through mostly mosquitos
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What disease do they cause?
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Elephantiasis
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What happens in this disease?
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The affected part of the body spells enormously
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Ascarid cause what?
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Malnutrition
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How do they cause this?
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It absorbs digested food from the host's small intestine
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And how do humans get it?
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Unwashed veggies
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What is the life cycle of an Ascarid Worm?
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In the intestine the ascarid produces a bunch of eggs which leave the body in feces.When food is eaten contaimiated by these feces, the eggs will hatch in the new host's small intestine. The young worms can burrow into the walls and enter blood vessles
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How many people today are infected with hookworms?
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1/4
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Why is the C. elegan so special?
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B/c it's DNA was the first of any multicellular animal's to be sequenced completely
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What is a "septa"?
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INternal walls between each segment
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What are "setae"?
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Bristles attached to each segment
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What are some charateristics of an Annelid?
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Segmented bodies, true coelom lined w/ mesoderm tissue
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How do Annelids feed and digest?
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Most Annelids use the pharynx to get food. It holds two or more sharp jaws.
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How do the "crop" and "gizzard" function?
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The pharynx pumps food and soil into the esophagus, then it moves into the crop where it can be stored. Then through the gizzard where it is ground into smaller pieces.
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What type of circulatory system do Annelids have?
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Closed circulatory sysytem
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What two vessels carry blood in an Annelid?
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The ventral and the dorsal blood vessels supply blood to the organs
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How do aquatic and land-dwelling Annelids breath?
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Aquatic Annelids use gills, and land-dwelling take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide through their skin
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What is the structure of the nervous system like in an Annelid?
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They have a brain and several small nerve cords
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WHat are the two major body muscles in an Annelid and what do they do?
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Longitudinal make the worm shorter and fatter, circular muscles make the worm longer and thinner
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What is a "clitellum"?
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A band a thickened segments where reproduction takes place
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What are Oligochaetes?
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Worms that live in soil or fresh water, long pinkish-brown.
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What are "leeches"?
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Leeches are a parasitic Annelid that suck the blood and body fluid of the host. They have powerful suckers at both end of their body.
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How do leeches feed?
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First, the make a wound, then they use their pharynx to suck the blood. Some leeches use something anesthetizes the wound so the host doesn't know it has been bitten
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What two worms are in the Polychaetes?
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Sandworms and bloodworms
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Where do Polychaetes live?
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In marine areas
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What is special about them?
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They have paddlelike appendages tipped with satae
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Why are earthworms important?
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B/c they fertilize soil so we can use it
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What is the second largest phylum?
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Mollusca
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What are some Gastropods?
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Snails, slugs, sea hares, and sea butterflies
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What are some Bivalves?
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Clams, Oysters, Mussels, Scallops
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What is a charateristic of a Bivalve?
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Two shells
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What are some Cephalopods?
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Octopi, Squid, Cuttle Fish, Nautiluses
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What are the four Mollusks body parts?
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Viscerial mass, shell, mantle, foot
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What is the difference between movement in sea-living mollusks and land-dwelling mollusks?
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Sea-dwelling use jet propulsion and land-dwelling "slide"
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What is the difference in repsonse between bivalves and cephalopods?
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Simple in bivalves, complex in cephalopods
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What special teeth do Mollusks have, and what are they used for?
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Radula teeth, used to grind down food
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