Bio Test 4

Front 1

an example of simple squamous can be found where?

Back 1

aveoli (air sacs in lungs surrounded by capillary beds)

Front 2

an example of stratified squamous can be found where?

Back 2

in the epidermis and mouth (protection is an important function)

Front 3

example of simple columnar

Back 3

small intestine where absorption takes place

Front 4

example of stratified columnar

Back 4

the urethra

Front 5

an example of pseudostratified columnar

Back 5

in the ciliated respiratory tract

Front 6

example of simple cuboidal

Back 6

in the kidney and secretion is an important function

Front 7

the functions of fat tissue (adipose) are?

Back 7

protection, heat storage, and long-term energy storage.

Front 8

The three types of blood cells are?

Back 8

Erythrocytes - red blood cells - O2 tranport
Leukocytes - white blood cells - immunity
Thrombocytes - platelets

Front 9

This connective tissue includes tendons and ligaments?

Back 9

Fibrous (dense) connective tissue

Front 10

This connective tissue can be found beneath the skin and includes macrophages?

Back 10

Loose connective tissue

Front 11

The main function of muscular tissue is?

Back 11

contraction and relaxation

Front 12

What surrounds axons in nervous tissues?

Back 12

myelin sheath

Front 13

What carry nerve impulses away from the cell body?
What carry nerve impulses to the cell body?

Back 13

Axons
Dendrites

Front 14

Where are neurotransmitters stored?

Back 14

the ends of axons

Front 15

What are the three main functions of epithelial cells?

Back 15

Absorption (small intestine), Protection (epidermis), and Secretion (kidney)

Front 16

What is the most diversified group of tissues?

Back 16

Connective tissue

Front 17

Bone (osteocytes) connective tissue

Back 17

for calcium storage, support and protect the body, regenerate well and excrete more calcium under stress

Front 18

Cartilage (condrocytes) connective tissue

Back 18

widely scattered, proteins in extracellular space make it elastic and strong; no vascular supply. made of elastin or collagen. ex. ears and nose.

Front 19

Fibrous (dense) connective tissue

Back 19

elastic/very strong; lots of fibers very dense; secrete proteins and make up tendon and ligaments.

Front 20

Loose connective tissue

Back 20

anchors skin, contains macrophages

Front 21

Blood connective tissue

Back 21

made in the bones, blood plasma = liquid (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets)

Front 22

Adipose connective tissue (fat)

Back 22

fat storage; long term energy; insulation and protection

Front 23

What are the 5 main functions of connective tissue?

Back 23

Holds body together; most diversified group; widely spaced cells; has an extracellular matrix; has a vascular supply (except cartilage)

Front 24

What are the three Muscle types?

Back 24

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

Front 25

What type of muscle is striated, voluntary, and allows movement?

Back 25

Skeletal

Front 26

What type of muscle is non-striated, involuntary and is responsible for Peristalsis (wavelike movement) digestion?

Back 26

Smooth

Front 27

What type of muscle is striated, involuntary, and responsible for pumping blood throughout the heart?

Back 27

Cardiac

Front 28

What are the parts of nervous tissue and their function?

Back 28

Axon - carries impulses away
Dendrite - carries impulses towards
Myelin Sheath - protects axon, speeds up transmission
Nodes of Ranvier - gaps in the myelin sheath
Neurotransmitter - chemicals released from neuron to neuron

Front 29

What carries oxygenated blood away from the heart?

Back 29

Arteries

Front 30

What carries deoxygenated blood towards the heart?

Back 30

Veins

Front 31

What valve has 3 flaps?
What valve has 2 flaps and is also known as the mitral valve?

Back 31

Tricuspid
Bicuspid

Front 32

What has the thickest walls and must contract with enough force to push blood throughout the somatic pathway?

Back 32

The left ventricle

Front 33

What is the 'pacemaker' of the heart and what does it do?

Back 33

The sinoatrial (SA) node contracts the 2 arteries.

Front 34

What contracts the two ventricles?

Back 34

The atrioventricular (AV) node.

Front 35

What part of an EKG corresponds to atrial depolarization?

Back 35

P wave

Front 36

What part of an EKG corresponds to ventricle depolarization?

Back 36

QRS complex

Front 37

What part of an EKG corresponds to ventricular repolarization?

Back 37

T wave

Front 38

What are the systolic and diastolic values of a blood pressure reading measuring for?

Back 38

systolic - cardiac contraction
diastolic - cardiac relaxation

Front 39

What part of the autonomic system is responsible for a decrease in heart rate?

Back 39

the parasympathetic system

Front 40

What pressure is highest at the arterial end?

Back 40

hydrostatic pressure

Front 41

What pressure is highest on the venus end of the capillary exchange?

Back 41

osmotic pressure (forcing water into blood vessels)

Front 42

What term is used to describe swelling due to excess fluid in body tissues?

Back 42

Edema

Front 43

What term is used to describe chronic high blood pressure?

Back 43

Hypertension

Front 44

What sex-linked bleeding disorder affects bloods ability to clot correctly?

Back 44

Hemophilia

Front 45

Humans have this kind of breathing system?

Back 45

A negative breathing system (pressure in the lungs are lower than outside the lungs making it easier to breathe)

Front 46

What two muscles are involved in respiration?

Back 46

The diaphragm and External intercostals

Front 47

What is the term used to describe when there is more oxygen released in areas with lower ph (caused by increased acidity due to extra work done)?

Back 47

The Bohr Shift

Front 48

What are the three types of granular leucocytes and their functions?

Back 48

Basophils - secrete histamine
Neurtrophils - phagocytosis
Eosinophils - attack parasitic worms

Front 49

What are the two types of Agranular Leucocytes and their functions?

Back 49

Monocytes (macrophage) - phagocytosis
Lymphocytes (T cells and B cells) - antibody

Front 50

What are the three types of Plasma proteins?

Back 50

Albumin, Fibrinogen, and Immunoglobulin

Front 51

What does Albumin do?

Back 51

maintains the blood volume and pressure, found in eggs, osmotic pressure

Front 52

What does Fibrinogen do?

Back 52

clotting (active form is Fibrin) makes full clot

Front 53

What does Immunoglobulin do?

Back 53

transports and fights infection (antibodies)

Front 54

Salivary glands secrete what 2 substances in the mouth to kill bacteria?

Back 54

Lysosomes and Salivary Amylase

Front 55

What is the term used to describe the wave like contraction of smooth muscle which helps move food down the digestive tract?

Back 55

Peristalsis

Front 56

What are the two sphincters contained in the stomach to keep it closed?

Back 56

Cardiac and Pyloric

Front 57

What four things are contained in gastric juice?

Back 57

water, mucous, HCL, and pepsin.

Front 58

What organ makes bile?

Back 58

The liver

Front 59

What is the function of bile?

Back 59

To emulsify fats so they can be digested.

Front 60

These are small fingerlike projections of the small intestine which increase surface area and allow for better absorption of nutrients.

Back 60

Villi

Front 61

This system is part of the blood stream that channels blood to the liver which regulates what is let into the general circulatory system.

Back 61

The Hepatic Portal System

Front 62

What are the three main functions of the large intestine?

Back 62

Concentrate undigested material for removal
Water absorption
Bacterial action - makes vitamins B and K

Front 63

Which four enzymes are located in the pancreas and target protein molecules?

Back 63

Trypsin
Chemotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase
Aminopeptidase

Front 64

Where is lipase located and what does it target?

Back 64

Pancreas, targets lipids (triglycerides)

Front 65

Where is amylase located and what does it target?

Back 65

Mouth, salivary glands; targets polysaccharides and breaks them down to disaccharides
and
Pancreas; targets any remaining starch in chyme, converts to disaccharides

Front 66

Where is pepsin located and what does it target?

Back 66

stomach; chemical digestion of proteins

Front 67

Where is DNA/RNA nuclease located and what does it target?

Back 67

Pancreas; targets nucleic acids

Front 68

Where are sucrase, lactase, and maltase located and what do they target?

Back 68

Small intestine - Sucrose
Small intestine - Lactose
Small intestine - Maltase

Front 69

What is the waterproof protein contained in dead skin cells?

Back 69

Keratin

Front 70

What is contained in sweat?

Back 70

salt and lysozymes (digestive enzymes)

Front 71

What is the sticky filter in the respiratory tract known as?

Back 71

The mucous membrane

Front 72

What white blood cells are involved with phagocytosis (2)?

Back 72

monocytes and neutrophils

Front 73

Lymphocytes produce what?

Back 73

antibodies

Front 74

What are two types of plasma proteins?

Back 74

complement proteins and interferons

Front 75

What is the name for the small proteins that bind to receptors of healthy cells that are antiviral and produced by infected cells to prevent the spread of infection.

Back 75

Interferons

Front 76

What part of an antibody is specific due to varying properties?

Back 76

Variable region (tip)

Front 77

What part of an antibody is able to produce many antibodies rapidly?

Back 77

Constant region (base)

Front 78

What are big proteins in the walls of bacteria or viruses known as?

Back 78

Antigens

Front 79

A vaccination is an example of what type of immunity?

Back 79

Artificial active immunity

Front 80

When an immunity is passed from mother to offspring it is known as?

Back 80

Natural passive immunity

Front 81

What deals with the first exposure of a pathogen and is also known as the Antibody Production Mechanism?

Back 81

Primary Immune Response

Front 82

This type of monocyte/macrophage presents a piece of the outer bacterial protein coat to a T-helper cell.

Back 82

Antigen Presenting Cell (APC)

Front 83

This cell passes the bacterial coat to the B-cell.

Back 83

T-helper cell

Front 84

The B-cell becomes this type of cell which is capable of mitosis for exponential antibody production.

Back 84

Plasma cell

Front 85

Secondary Immune Response (after already being exposed to a pathogen) involves what 3 cells?

Back 85

Memory B and T Cells as well as cytotoxic T cells aka. Killer T Cells

Front 86

What is an autoimmune disorder that mimics other diseases?

Back 86

Lupus

Front 87

What disease makes the immune system attack the thyroid gland?

Back 87

Graves Disease

Front 88

What disease makes the pancreas stop producing insulin and destroys pancreatic cells?

Back 88

Insulin-Dependent Diabetes (Type I Diabetes)

Front 89

What occurs when antibodies are produced successfully but monocytes/neutrophils don't phagocytize properly?

Back 89

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Front 90

Kaposi's Sarcoma and Pneumocystis carinii are indicators for what disease?

Back 90

HIV AIDS

Front 91

What is term is used to describe the difference in pressure of gases from outside the body to inside the body which aids in the absorption of O2 and the release of CO2?

Back 91

Partial Pressure

Front 92

What molecules are in the center of the hemoglobin molecule that help to pull in O2?

Back 92

Iron molecules

Front 93

What is the pathway after passing through the trachea to the air sacs?

Back 93

Trachea-->Bronchi-->Bronchioles-->Alveoli (air sacs)

Front 94

Heart rate can be changed by which two body systems?

Back 94

Neural stimulation (parasympathetic - decreases heart rate; sympathetic - increases heart rate) and Endocrine system (epinephrine and adrenaline increase heart rate)

Front 95

What are the two loops of the heart known as?

Back 95

systemic and pulmonary

Front 96

Why is a fish's 2 chambered heart inefficient?

Back 96

Because blood pressure drops after passing through the gills and has to flow through the body.

Front 97

What is a type of edema caused by severe malnutrition?

Back 97

Kwashiorkor

Front 98

What type of cholesterol helps to move cholesterol out of the blood?

Back 98

HDL (good cholesterol)

Front 99

What type of cholesterol helps to move cholesterol into the blood?

Back 99

LDL (bad cholesterol)

Front 100

What mineral is needed for bone and tooth formation, nerve transmission, muscle contraction and can be found in dairy and green veggies?

Back 100

Calcium

Front 101

What mineral is needed for phospholipids and ATP formation?

Back 101

Phosphorous - dairy products, meats

Front 102

What 2 minerals are used for nerve impulses and cell balance?

Back 102

Sodium - table salt
Potassium - meats, dairy products, fruits veggies and grains

Front 103

What mineral is the center of the hemoglobin molecule and pulls O2 in?

Back 103

Iron - meats, eggs

Front 104

What mineral helps harden bones and teeth?

Back 104

Fluorine - tea, drinking water, and seafood

Front 105

What mineral is required for proper thyroid function?

Back 105

Iodine - salt, dairy and seafood

Front 106

What mineral is major component of gastric juice?

Back 106

Chlorine

Front 107

What three minerals act as cofactors?

Back 107

Magnesium, Zinc, and Manganese

Front 108

An anti-venom serum is an example of what kind of immunity?

Back 108

Passive Artificial Immunity

Front 109

What are the two functions of the sebum (oil) as part of the skin's non-specific defense?

Back 109

It is slightly acidic, and makes the hairs pliable so that it doesn't rip the skin.

Front 110

What are the four ways antibodies work?

Back 110

Neutralize - surround and bind to antigen
Agglutination - tiny clots, takes antigens out of circulation
Precipitation - takes antigen out of solution
Activation of Complement - works w/ complement antimicrobial proteins

Front 111

Vitamin found in carrots

Back 111

Vitamin A

Front 112

Vitamin that works as an antioxidant

Back 112

Vitamin E

Front 113

Vitamin important in blood clotting

Back 113

Vitamin K

Front 114

Vitamin that prevents scurvy

Back 114

Vitamin C

Front 115

Vitamin that aids in calcium absorption

Back 115

Vitamin D

Front 116

Vitamin that prevents spinal birth defects

Back 116

Folic Acid

Front 117

Vitamin that is important in red blood cell manufacturing

Back 117

Vitamin B12

Front 118

Vitamin used for energy metabolism

Back 118

Vitamin B Family: B2, B6, and Biotin

Front 119

Vitamin that makes retinal

Back 119

Vitamin A

Front 120

Vitamin that can be made in the skin

Back 120

Vitamin D

Front 121

Vitamin that is found in tea and is made by colon bacteria

Back 121

Vitamin K

Front 122

Vitamin needed for iron absorption and used in collagen synthesis

Back 122

Vitamin C

Front 123

Vitamin that is found in vegetable oils and helps prevent damage to cell membranes

Back 123

Vitamin E

Front 124

Vitamin that is a coenzyme in the synthesis of fat, glycogen, and amino acids.

Back 124

Biotin

Front 125

What are the four fat-soluble vitamins?

Back 125

Vitamins A, D, E, K

Front 126

Na, K, Cl, Ca, Mg, and bicarbonate are all examples of what in blood plasma?

Back 126

Electrolytes

Front 127

Food that is churned in the mouth is known as what?

Back 127

Bolis

Front 128

What is the term for food that has been mixed with gastic juice in the stomach?

Back 128

Chyme (a liquid)

Front 129

What is the function of HCL in gastric juice?

Back 129

To lower the ph and break chemical bonds/kill bacteria.

Front 130

What is the function of sodium bicarbonate?

Back 130

To neutralize the acidity of the gastric juice.