Bio Test

Front 1

protein

Back 1

A large complex molecule made up of one or more chains of amino acids.

Front 2

ribosome

Back 2

Cellular organelle that is the site of protein synthesis

Front 3

transcription

Back 3

he process of copying information from DNA into new strands of messenger RNA (mRNA), which then carries the information to the cytoplasm to serve as a blueprint for manufacturing a specific protein.

Front 4

nondisjunction

Back 4

an error in cell division where the chromosomes fail to disjoin, so that both pass to the same daughter cell.

Front 5

Down syndrome

Back 5

disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21 and characterized by mental retardation and distinguishing physical features

Front 6

autosome

Back 6

A chromosome that is not one of the sex chromosomes.

Front 7

Mendel

Back 7

The father of genetics

Front 8

translation

Back 8

the process by which the mRNA code is converted to a sequence of amino acids (a protein).

Front 9

meiosis

Back 9

ell division by which eggs and sperm are produced
gene linkage - A group of genets located close together on a chromosome.

Front 10

sex-linked

Back 10

A gene coded on a sex chromosome, such as the X-chromosome linked genes of flies and man

Front 11

mutation

Back 11

A change in a DNA sequence.

Front 12

translocation

Back 12

mutation in which a large segment of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome

Front 13

PKU

Back 13

A congenital condition in which the body lacks a specific enzyme. This causes abnormal metabolism that may result in brain damage.

Front 14

muscular dystrophy

Back 14

A hereditary disease characterized by progressive weakness caused by degeneration of muscle fibers.

Front 15

crossing over

Back 15

Where a section of one chromosome switches places with the same section from the other chromosome of the pair.

Front 16

amniocentesis

Back 16

A prenatal test in which cells surrounding a fetus are removed in order to examine the chromosomes.

Front 17

lethal

Back 17

gene or genotype that is fatal for the individual gene

Front 18

karyotype

Back 18

the chromosomal characteristics of a cell

Front 19

codon

Back 19

A sequence of three nucleotides on a strand of m-RNA that codes for an amino acid.

Front 20

deletion

Back 20

The loss of a segment of the genetic material from a chromosome

Front 21

cystic fibrosis

Back 21

an autosomal recessive genetic condition, which causes the body to produce excessively thick, sticky mucus that clogs the lungs and pancreas, impairing breathing and digestion.

Front 22

syndrome

Back 22

A collection of symptoms that characterize a specific disease or condition.

Front 23

monosomy

Back 23

Possessing only one copy of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two copies. Source

Front 24

trait

Back 24

a distinguishing feature of your personal nature

Front 25

pedigree

Back 25

a diagram of a family tree indicating the family members and their relationship to the person with an inherited disorder

Front 26

gamete

Back 26

Mature male or female reproductive cell (sperm or ovum) with a haploid set of chromosomes (23 for humans).

Front 27

hemophilia

Back 27

Group of hereditary disorders in which affected individuals fail to make enough of certain proteins needed to form blood clots.

Front 28

trisomy

Back 28

An abnormal condition in cells where there are three copies, instead of two, of a particular chromosome.

Front 29

carrier

Back 29

A person who has one copy of the gene mutation for a recessive disorder. Carriers are not affected by the disorder. However, they can pass on the mutated gene to their children. Children who inherit two such genes may be affected by the disorder.

Front 30

gene

Back 30

A sequence of DNA that represents a fundamental unit of heredity. Most genes encode proteins, but some code for RNA molecules.

Front 31

punnett square

Back 31

A diagrammatic representation of a particular cross used to predict the progeny of the cross. A grid used as a graphic representation of the progeny zygotes resulting from different gamete fusions in a specific cross.

Front 32

Klinefelter

Back 32

United States physician who first described the XXY-syndrome (born in 1912)

Front 33

color-blindness

Back 33

Color blindness in humans is the inability to perceive differences between some or all colors that other people can distinguish. It is most often of genetic nature, but might also occur because of eye, nerve, or brain damage, or due to exposure to

Front 34

State the four laws of Mendelian genetics and explain what each means?

Back 34

Law 1 (Law of Unit Character) – most traits are controlled by genes which occur in pairs. It was later learned that X-linked traits are controlled by only a single copy of the gene in the male

Law 2 (Law of Dominance) – One member of a pair of genes can completely mask of hide the effect of its recessive allele and incomplete dominance and codominance occur in some gene pairs

Law 3 (Law of segregation) – During meiosis, the members of the gene pairs separate so that each gamete gets only one member of a pair

Law 4 (Law of Independence Assortment) – During meiosis, the members of the gene pairs on one pair of chromosomes assort themselves independently of the gene pairs on other pairs of chromosomes. Thus, if genes A and a are located on one pair of chromosomes and genes B and b are located on another pair of chromosomes, the gametes which could be produced would be: AB, Ab, and aB, and ab. Each of these would have equal probability of being found and later discovered genes are linked

Front 35

State four Characteristics of sex linked traits

Back 35

1.Genes located on X chromosomes (Since girls have two X chromosomes, they have two chances of normal genes)

2.No allele on Y (Since boys have only one X chromosome, they have no second chance of have a normal gene to hide a recessive)

3.Expressed more often in one sex; boys show recessive traits more often

4.Never passed father to son

Front 36

Describe the chromosomal make up of males and females in humans

Back 36

males who are XY pass an X chromosome to each daughter and a Y to each son. Females who are XX pass on one of their X chromosomes to each child

Front 37

Define monosomy and trisomy

Back 37

monosomy - Possessing only one copy of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two copies. Source

trisomy - An abnormal condition in cells where there are three copies, instead of two, of a particular chromosome.

Front 38

Describe how amniocentesis can be used in prenatal diagnosis of many genetic disorders

Back 38

fluid can reveal unusual substances cells can be karyotyped for extra, missing, broken, chromosomes

Front 39

Compare and contrast Gene and chromosome

Back 39

Gene –A sequence of DNA that represents a fundamental unit of heredity. Most genes encode proteins, but some code for RNA molecules.

chromosome - Separate strands of genes, contained in the nucleus of a cell. Normally, chromosomes appear in corresponding pairs. A genome is made up of a complete set of paired chromosomes.

Front 40

Describe the relationship between the movement of chromosomes during meiosis and the segregation of gene pairs in the gametes

Back 40

Interphase

prophase I

Metaphase I

Anaphase I

Telophase I

Front 41

State the relationship between maternal age and down syndrome

Back 41

Down syndrome is what happens when you have a child in maternal age

Front 42

Describe what a karyotype is and tell how it can be used in diagnosis

Back 42

in arrangement of cell’s chromosomes by size and shape they are used to diagnose genetic disorders involving missing chromosomes, extra chromosomes and chromosomes with missing parts

Front 43

Describe what a polygentic trait is?

Back 43

are many genes extremes and many variations in between

Describe what a pedigree?

a diagram of a family tree indicating the family members and their relationship to the person with an inherited disorder.