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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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microevolution
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the change of allele frequencies in a population
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p
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dominant allele frequency
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q
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recessive allele frequency
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methylation of DNA
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silences X chromosome
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recombination frequency
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smallest 2 (heterozygous) genotype # of offspring/ total # of offspring
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traits
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the specific appearance or phenotype
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character
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the expression of a certain morphology
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southern blotting
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DNA-DNA hybridization
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northern blotting
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DNA-RNA hybridization
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western blotting
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antibody-antigen binding
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de-etiolation
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changes in a plant in the presence of light - "greening"
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operon
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a transcriptional unit containing all genes for a metabolic pathway under the control of one promoter and one operator.
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euchromatin active by...
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demethylation and histone acetylation
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promoter
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RNA-polymerase binding site
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operator
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repressor binding
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negative control
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used by prokaryotes.
genes always on and need to bind a repressor on the operator to be turned off = no polymerase can progress to transcribe anything bonded turns genes off |
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positive control
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used by eukaryotes.
genes always off unless transcription factors + enhancer bind to the promoter region to enable RNA polymerase to bind anything bonded turns genes on |
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repressible operon
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the repressor needs to be activated (by endproduct tryptophan)
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inducible operon
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ex. lactose.
the repressor needs to be inactivated by a substrate. |
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ubiquitin
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binds to proteins, labeling them for destruction
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proteasomes
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degrades proteins marked by ubiquitin
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snRNP
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form splicosomes
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miRNA
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degrades mRNA to regulate gene expression
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siRNA
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maintains the integrity of chromosomes.
made specifically for the RNA they inhibit. |
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shotgun sequencing
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DNA broken up randomly into small segments, which are then sequenced into long DNA strands.
Random. |
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chromosome walking
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long DNA sequence divided into several consecutive short sequences, then sequenced using primers into long DNA strand.
Not random. |
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transformation
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adding genetic material into a cell.
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transgenic organisms
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genetically modified organisms
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activator
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regulates genes by increasing the rate of transcription
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enhancer
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a region of DNA that can increase transcription of genes
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piwi-interacting RNA
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suppress transposons in germ cell lines
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