Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the three principal organs of seed plants?
|
Roots, stems, leaves
|
|
|
What are three types of plant tissue systems?
|
Dermal tissue, ground tissue, vascular tissue
|
|
|
Name and describe two cell types that make up xylem...
|
Xylem consists long, narrow cells called tracheids, whose walls are pierced by small openings but are otherwise impermeable to water, and vessel elements that form continuous tubes through which water may flow.
|
|
|
Name and describe the two cell types that make up phloem...
|
Phloem consists of sieve tube elements, through which materials can flow. It also has companion and aid in the movement of substances
|
|
|
How does the structure of cells near the apical meristem compare with the structure of cells far from the apical meristem?
|
The apical meristem consists of undifferentiated cells. Farther from the meristem, the cells have developed special structures and functions.
|
|
|
Dicots tend to have a long, thick primary root called a....
|
Taproot
|
|
|
Monocots tend to have branching roots called...
|
Fibrous roots
|
|
|
The outside layer of the mature root consist of...
|
Epidermal cells
|
|
|
A mature root has a central cylinder of...
|
Vascular tissue
|
|
|
Name and describe the type of tissue in a plant root that separates the central cylinder and the outside layer of cells...
|
Ground tissue, known as the cortex, a spongy layer of tissue that separates the central cylinder of vascular tissue and the outside layer of epidermal cells/
|
|
|
What are the two main functions of roots?
|
To absorb nutrients and water from the soil, and to anchor the plant to the ground
|
|
|
What is the main difference between a taproot and a fibrous root?
|
The taproot has on long thick root w/ smaller secondary roots. The fibrous roots are all the same size
|
|
|
Why might a plant deficient in magnesium grow pale leaves?
|
In order to make the green color in plants, they need to have magnesium. W/out it, the leaves grow pale.
|
|
|
What might happen to a plant whose endodermal cells lacked a Casparian strip?
|
The Casparian strip traps water in the vascular cylinder, creating the root pressure which forces water up the plant's stem. W/out this, the upper parts of the plant might not get any water.
|
|
|
What are the three main functions that stems perform?
|
Stems produce leaves, branches, and flowers. Also hold leaves up to the sunlight, and transport water and nutrients to the rest of the plant
|
|
|
How are vascular bundles arranged in the stems of monocots and dicots?
|
In monocots, vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem. In dicots they are arranged in a cylinder
|
|
|
How does primary growth occur in stems?
|
Primary growth in stems is produced by cell divisions in apical meristem
|
|
|
How does secondary growth occur in
|
Secondary growth in stemstakes place in meristematic tissues called the vascular and cork cambiums.
|
|
|
How do the functions of cells produced by the vascular and cork cambriums differ?
|
The vascular cambium produces cells that make up the xylem and phloem tissues used for transporting nurtients and water. The cork cambium produces the outer covering of stems
|
|
|
What might a series of thin growth rings in a tree indicate?
|
A series of thin growth rings might indicate a series of years where the conditions of the tree were poor
|
|
|
How is the stem of a gladiolus adapted for survival during poor environmental conditions?
|
The stem of a gladiolus is a thickened underground stem that stores food. This enables the plant to survive until good conditions return.
|
|
|
How is the structure of a leaf optimized to collect sunlight and carry out photosynthesis?
|
Leaves have flat, thin sections called blades that collect sunlight. Cells within the leaf carry out photosynthesis
|
|
|
What is the function of guard cells in regulating gas exchange in a leaf?
|
To obtain carbon dioxide without becoming dehydrated, guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata to changes in water pressure to allow photosynthesis to occur and to prevent water loss
|
|
|
What substance is lost from plants during the process of transpiration?
|
Water
|
|
|
How might the rate of photosynthesis be affected by (1) increasing the surface area of a leaf and (2) increasing the thickness?
|
Increasing the surface of a leaf will increase the rate of photosynthesis. Increasing the thickness of a leaf will have little of no effect on photosynthesis
|
|
|
How does root pressure contribute in movement of water within a plant?
|
Root pressure pushes water upward in a plant stem
|
|
|
How does capillary action contribute in movement of water within a plant?
|
Capillary action causes water to rise up well above ground level in the cells that make up xylem tissue
|
|
|
How does transpiration contribute in movement of water within a plant?
|
Transpiration occurs when water evaporates from a leaf, resulting in osmotic pressure that pulls water upward from the roots.
|
|
|
The tendency of water to rise in a thin tube is known as...
|
Capillary action
|
|
|
The evaporation of water molecules from leaves helps to move fluid through...
|
The xylem system
|
|
|
One idea used to explain how the movement of materials through phloem is regulated is the ...
|
Pressure-flow hypothesis
|
|
|
What causes water to follow nutrients as they are pumped into of out of the phloem system?
|
Osmosis
|
|
|
Compare the amount of transpiration on a warm day to the amount of transpiration on a cold day. Explain your answer.
|
Transpiration will be greater on a warm day than a cold day. The increased heat will cause more water to evaporate from leaves
|
|
|
What two forces are responsible for capillary action in plants, enabling the transport of water against the force of gravity?
|
Cohesion and adhesion
|
|
|
How does wilting help a plant conserve water?
|
When a plant wilts, the stomata in its leaves close. As a result, transpiration slows down significantly and less water is lost
|
|
|
How do the cell walls of parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma differ?
|
Parenchyma cells walls are thin; collenchyma cell walls are strong and flexible; sclerenchyma cell walls are thick and rigid
|
|
|
Where does new growth in plants take place?
|
New growth takes place in the meristematic tissue
|
|
|
Where are apical meristems found?
|
Apical meristems are found at the end of each growing stem or root.
|
|
|
In which different types of plants do taproots and fibrous roots tend to be found?
|
Taproots are found mainly in dicots, and fibrous roots are found mainly in monocots
|
|
|
Compare and contrast vascular cambium and cork cambium...
|
Both are lateral meristematic tissues that produce secondary growth in stems. Vascular cambium produces vascular tissue and increases stem thickness. Cork cambium produces the outer covering of stems
|
|
|
Vessel elements, sieve tube elements, and companion cells are all parts of ___________ tissue.
|
Vascular
|
|
|
Along a stem, leaves and buds are separated by regions of a stem called ___________.
|
Internodes
|
|
|
In a dicot stem, parenchyma cells inside the ring of vascular tissue are know as the ___________.
|
pith
|
|
|
A type of growth called _________growth increases the length of a stem, whereas___________ growth increases the width.
|
primary, secondary
|
|
|
The older xylem near the center of a woody stem is called____________.
|
heartwood
|
|
|
The older xylem near the center of a woody stem is surrounded by a lighter-colored part of the stem called __________.
|
sapwood
|
|
|
A part of a tree called ___________ included all tissues outside the vascular cambium.
|
bark
|
|
|
The blade of a plant is attached to the stem by a thing stalk called a(an)______________.
|
petiole
|
|
|
The bulk of most leaves is composed of a specialized ground tissue know as ____________, where nearly all photosynthetic activity occurs.
|
mesophyll
|
|
|
The layer of column-shaped, closely packed cells that absorbs most of the light that enters a leaf is called the _____________.
|
palisade mesophyll
|
|
|
An opening on the underside of a leaf that allows carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse in and out of a leaf is called a(an) _____________
|
Stoma
|
|
|
A(An)_____________ controls the opening and closing of stomata by responding to changes in water pressure
|
Guard cell
|
|
|
The loss of water from a plant through it's leaves is called_____________
|
Transpiration
|
|
|
The tendency for water to rise in a thin tube is called_____________
|
Capillary action
|
|
|
According to the ___________, materials move from a source cell, where photosynthesis produces a high concentration of sugars, to a sink cell, where sugars are lower in concentration.
|
Pressure-flow hypothesis
|
|
|
What are the three main tissues in plants?
|
Ground tissue, dermal tissue, and vascular tissue
|
|
|
Dermal tissue consists of a single layer of...
|
Epidermal cells
|
|
|
Vascular tissue contains what two specialized cells?
|
Xylem and Phloem
|
|
|
In xylem...
|
There are tracheids and vessel elements.
|
|
|
In phloem...
|
There are sieve tube elements and companion cells.
|
|
|
What are "meristems"?
|
Clusters of tissue that are responsible for continuing growth throughout a plant's lifetime.
|
|
|
What is a "apical meristem"?
|
A group of undifferentiated cells that divide to produce increased length of stems and roots.
|
|
|
What are "blades"?
|
Thin, flattened sections on leaves.
|
|
|
What is a "petiole"?
|
A thin stalk that connects the blades to the stem.
|
|
|
What is the function of the "palisade mesophyll"?
|
To absorb the light that enters the leaf.
|
|
|
Where and what is the "spongy mesephyll"?
|
Beneath the palisade mesophyll. A loose tissue w/ many air spaces
|
|
|
What are "stomata"?
|
Porelike openings in the underside of the leaf that allow carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse into and out of a leaf
|
|
|
Where and what are guard cells?
|
Each stomate has two guard cells. They control the opening and closing of the stomate.
|
|
|
What is the "transpiration" process?
|
When a plant losses its water through its leaves.
|
|
|
What is the difference between adhesion and cohesion?
|
Adhesion is the attraction between molecules of a different substance, and cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same substance
|
|
|
What is a function of phloem?
|
They pump sugars into their fruits. This requires moving sugars out of leaves or roots into stems, this is done by the phloem.
|
|
|
What does wilting result from?
|
Loss of water
|
|
|
What is the "source" and the "sink"?
|
The source is when sugars are pumped into the phloem at one point. The sink is when the nutrient-rich fluid is forced to move through the phloem away from the nutrient-producing regions toward a region that uses the nutrients (the sink).
|
