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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Single-celled organisms get what they need by...
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Absorbing it from the environment. Also performs most of their functions within the cell
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What do organ cells need ?
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-nutrients and oxygen
-rid wastes from their immediate environments |
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The sharing of "responsibilities" makes...
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multi-cellular organism dependent on tissue and organ coordination
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Types of Animal Circulatory Systems
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Open - Combine interstitial fluids w/ blood elements
ex. Cnidarians Closed - Vertebrates incorporate an open lymphatic system that drains lymph back into the blood vascular system |
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Blood
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- A connective/supportive tissue
- Composed of : -55% Plasma (non-cellular matrix of blood) -it's dissolved solutes -45% blood cells |
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Plasma Solutes
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Salts - regulate osmotic balance, pH, and membrane function
Proteins - like Albumin (buffering), Fibronogen (clothing), & Immunoglobins (immunity) Transport Products - Nutrients, metabolic wastes, respitory gases, hormones |
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Erythrocytes
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- no nucleus in mammals
- hemoglobin molecules carry oxygen - cells are short-lived and break down in the spleen and liver * (liver excretes metabolites as bile) |
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Leukocytes
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IMMUNE RESPONSE
- Basophils - Eosinophils - Neutrophils - Monocytes - Lymphocytes |
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Platelets
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degenerated cell remnants specialized for clotting response
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Blood Circulatory Pathways
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- Veins carry blood toward the heart
- Arteries carry blood away from the heart |
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Blood vessels entering and exiting organs are referenced as...
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Afferent - Latin for to carry toward
Efferent - Latin for to carry away from |
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Starting in the digestive system, nutrients...
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diffuse or are carried by carrier molecules from the cells of the villi into small efferent veins
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Efferent veins converge to...
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form the Hepatic Portal Vein (Hepatic = Liver)
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1) Blood in the liver is filtered of...
2) its sugar content and pH are... |
1) toxins and dead cells
2)monitored by hepatocytes (liver cells) |
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Blood exiting the liver goes to the heart via...
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Posterior vena cava
- It then carries blood towards the heart |
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Atria
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Under low pressure and collect blood
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Ventricles
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Pump blood under high pressure (thick muscles)
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Circulatory #1
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Where blood from the head (anterior vena cava) and from the posterior vena cava converge into the right atrium
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Circulatory #2
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Here it is pumped into the Right ventricle where it is pumped via the pulmonary artery to the lungs for re-oxygenation
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Circulatory #3
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After being re-oxygenated and rid of CO2, blood moves back to the heart under low pressure via the pulmonary veins to the left atrium
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Circulatory #4
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Blood is then pumped under low pressure to the left ventricle.
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Circulatory #5
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The left ventricle pumps blood under high pressure out tot he body via the aorta
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Fetal Circulation
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Involves the exchange of nutrients, wastes, and gases between fetus and mother
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Placenta
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Where the exchange that takes place between the mother and fetus
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Fetal Hemoglobin
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Has a higher capacity tot carry oxygen than adult hemoglobin.
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Fetal Hemoglobin Structure
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- can bind and release oxygen
- about 20 - 30% more efficient at binding oxygen than adult hemoglobin |
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Fetal Circulation Pathway #1
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The umbilical vein carries re-oxygenated fetal blood from the placenta back to the body cavity and to the liver
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Fetal Circulation Pathway #2
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From the liver the oxygenated blood is carried through the ductus venosus to the posterior vena cava. Now oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood are mixed and carried back to the heart.
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Fetal Circulation Pathway #3
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The contents of the right atrium (which consist of some well oxygenated blood from the posterior vena cava and poorly oxygenated blood returning from the head and forelimbs via the anterior vena cava) enter the right ventricle and are expelled from the heart via the pulmonary artery.
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Fetal Circulation Pathway #4
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Very little of the blood in the pulmonary artery enters the lungs in the fetus due to the high resistance of their collapsed, non-aerated state. The remainder enters the ductus arteriosus which is a shunt linking the pulmonary artery and the aorta. The convergence of the poorly oxygenated pulmonary blood and the well-oxygenated aortic blood occurs after the main supply to the head and forelimbs have branched off the aortic arch. This ensures that the blood richest in oxygen reaches the developing brain.
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Fetal Circulation Pathway #5
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The abdominal aorta supplies the rest of the body and gives off two umbilical arteries (branches of the internal iliac arteries) which carry poorly oxygenated blood back to the placenta.
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