Bio Test 28-32

Front 1

Rose-shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis

Back 1

The cells of both land plants and charophyceans have rosette-synthesizing complexes. Arrays of proteins in the plasma membrane that synthesize the cellulose microfibrils of the cell walls.

Front 2

Peroxisome enzymes

Back 2

Both contain enzymes that help minimize the loss of organic products as a result of photorespiration.

Front 3

Structure of flagellated sperm.

Back 3

Both are resemblant of each other.

Front 4

Formation of phragmoplast

Back 4

The synthesis of new cross-walls (cell plates) during cell division involves the formation of a phragmoplast, an alignment of cytoskeletal elements and Golgi-derived vesicles across the midline of the dividing cell.

Front 5

Sporopollenin

Back 5

In charophyceans, a layer of durable polwmer prevents exposed zygotes from drying out.

Front 6

Cuticle

Back 6

Consists of polymers called polyesters and waxes.

Front 7

Vascular tissue

Back 7

Cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients thorughout the plant body.

Front 8

Bryophytes

Back 8

nonvascular plants

Front 9

Seedless vascular plants

Back 9

Lycophytes and pterophytes

Front 10

Seed

Back 10

Embryo packaged with a supply of nutrients inside a protective coat.

Front 11

Angiosperms

Back 11

A huge clade of all flowering plants. Seeds develop inside chambers called ovaries which originate within flowers and mature into fruits.

Front 12

Bryophytes

Back 12

Liverworts, hornworts, mosses. All nonvascular plants.

Front 13

gametophore

Back 13

A protonema produces one or more buds, each with an apical meristem that generates a gamete-producing structure

Front 14

Rhizoid

Back 14

Gametophytes are anchored by long tubular single cells (in liverworts and hornworts), or filaments of cells (in mosses)

Front 15

Foot

Back 15

Embedded in the archegonium and absorbs nutrients from the gametophyte.

Front 16

Seta

Back 16

Stalk, conducts these materials to the sproangium also called a capsule

Front 17

Capsule

Back 17

Uses materials from the seta to produce spores by meiosis.

Front 18

Calyptra

Back 18

An immature capsule has a protective cap of gametophyte tissue which is shed when the capsule is mature.

Front 19

Peristome

Back 19

The upper part of the capsule features a ring of toothlike structures. Specialized for gradual spore discharge, taking advantage of periodic wind gusts that can carry spores long distances.

Front 20

Stomata

Back 20

Support photosynthesis by allowing the exchange of Co2 and O2 between the outside air and the sporophyte interior

Front 21

Peat

Back 21

One wetland moss is especially widespread, forming extensive deposits of partially decayed organic material.

Front 22

Xylem

Back 22

Conducts most of the water and minerals. Includes tracheids, tube-shaped cells that carry water and minerals up from roots.

Front 23

Phloem

Back 23

Includes living sugar-conducting cells arranged into tubes that distribute sugars, amino-acids, and other organic materials.

Front 24

Roots

Back 24

Organs that anchor vascular plants and enable them to absorb water and nutrients from the soil.

Front 25

Leaves

Back 25

Organs that increase the surace area of vascular plants, thereby capturing more solar energy for photosynthesis.

Front 26

Microphylls

Back 26

Small, usually spine shaped leaves with a single vein

Front 27

Megaphylls

Back 27

Leaves with a highly branched vascular system.

Front 28

Pollen grains

Back 28

Contain the male gametophytes of seed plants.

Front 29

Pollination

Back 29

The transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules.

Front 30

Conifers

Back 30

Gymnosperm, cone bearing plants, which include such trees as pines, firs, and redwoods.

Front 31

Flower

Back 31

An angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction

Front 32

Sepals

Back 32

starting at the base of the flower, usually green and enclose the flower before it opens.

Front 33

Petals

Back 33

Brightly colored in most flowers and aid in attracting pollinators

Front 34

Stamens

Back 34

The microsporophylls, produce microspores that give rise to pollen grains containing male gametophytes.

Front 35

Filament

Back 35

Stalk

Front 36

Anther

Back 36

terminal sac

Front 37

carpels

Back 37

the megasporophylls, which make megaspores and their products, female gametophytes.

Front 38

stigma

Back 38

at the tip of the carpel, recieves pollen.

Front 39

style

Back 39

leads to the ovary

Front 40

ovary

Back 40

at the base of the carpel, which contains one or more ovules

Front 41

Double fertilization

Back 41

one sperm fertilizes the egg, forming a diploid zygote. The other sperm fuses with the two nuclei i nthe large central cell of the female gametophyte.

Front 42

Integuments

Back 42

Layers of sporophyte tissure that envelope and protect the megasporangium.

Front 43

Seed

Back 43

Consists of the embryo, along with a food supply, packaged within a protective coat derived from the integuments.

Front 44

Gymnosperms

Back 44

Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta, and Confierophyta.

Front 45

Progymnosperms

Back 45

Transitional species of seedless vascular plants that do not bear seeds

Front 46

Cotyledons

Back 46

The zygote develops into a sporophyte embryo with a rudimentary root and one or two seed leaves.

Front 47

Endosperm

Back 47

The nucleus pf the central cell of the female gametophyte divides repeatedly and develops into endosperm, tissue rich in starch and other food reserves.

Front 48

Monocots

Back 48

Species with one cotyledon

Front 49

Dicots

Back 49

Species with two cotyledon

Front 50

Exoenzymes

Back 50

Fungi digest their food while it is still in the environment by secreting owerful hydrolytic enzymes, called exoenzymes, into their surroundings. Exoenzymes break down complex molecules to smaller organic compounds that the fungi can absorb into their bodies and use.

Front 51

Hyphae

Back 51

The morphology of multicellular fungi enhances their ability to absorb nutrients from their surroundings. The bodies of these fungi typically form a network of tiny filaments called hyphae. Composed of tubular cell walls surrounding the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of the cells.

Front 52

Fungal cell walls

Back 52

Fungal cell walls contain chitin, a strong but flexible nitrogen containing polysaccaride that is also found in the external skeletons of insects and other arthropods.

Front 53

Mycelium

Back 53

Fungal hyphae form an interwoven mass called a mycelium that surrounds and infiltrates the material on which the fungus feeds.

Front 54

Septa

Back 54

In most fungi, the hyphae are divided into cells by cross-walls.

Front 55

Coenocytic fungi

Back 55

Some fungi lack speta and consist of a continuous cytoplasmic mass containing hundreds or thousands of nuclei.

Front 56

Haustoria

Back 56

Other species of fungi have specialized hyphae that enable them to enetrate the tissue of their hosts.

Front 57

Mycorrhizae

Back 57

Mutually beneficial relationships between such fungi and plant roots.

Front 58

Ectomycorrhizal fungi

Back 58

Form sheaths of hyphae over the surface of a root and also grow into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex.

Front 59

Endomycorrhizal fungi

Back 59

Extend their hyphae through the root cell wall and into tubes formed by invagination.

Front 60

Pheromones

Back 60

Generally, sexual reproduction in fungi begins when hyphae form two distinct mycelia release sexual signaling molecules.

Front 61

Plasmogamy

Back 61

The union of the cytoplasm of the two parent mycelia.

Front 62

Heterokaryon

Back 62

Parts of the mycelia contain coexisting, genetically different nuclei.

Front 63

Dikaryotic

Back 63

In some fungi, the haploid nuclei pair off two to a cell, one from each parent.

Front 64

Karyogamy

Back 64

The haploid nuclei contributed by the two parents fuse, producing diploid cells.

Front 65

Mold

Back 65

Can reproduce asexually. Grow rapidly as mycelia and produce spores.

Front 66

Yeasts

Back 66

Can reproduce asexually by simple cell division or by pinching of small bud cells off a parent cell.

Front 67

Deuteromycetes

Back 67

Many molds and yeasts have no known sexual stage.

Front 68

Opisthokonts

Back 68

Three groups of eukaryotes, the fungi, animals, and their protistan relatives, are members of the clade Opisthokonta.

Front 69

Chytrids

Back 69

Are ubiquitous in lakes and soil. Have unique flagellated spores called zoospores.

Front 70

Zygomycetes

Back 70

Includes molds, parasites, or commensal symbionts of animals.

Front 71

Zygosporangium

Back 71

Plasmogamy produces a sturdy structure in which karyogamy and then meiosis occur. Are resistant to freezing and drying and are metabotcially inactive. When conditions improve, a zygosporangium undergoes meiosis.

Front 72

Glomeromycetes

Back 72

All glomeromycetes form a distinct type of endomycorrhiae called arbuscular mycorrhizae. The tips of the hyphae that push into plant root cells branch into tiny treelike structures known as arbuscules.

Front 73

Ascomycetes

Back 73

The defining feature of ascomycetes is the production of sexual spores in saclike asci, thus, they are commonly called sac fungi. Unlike zygomycetes, most ascomycetes bear their sexual stages in fruiting bodies or ascsocarps, which range in size from microscopic to macroscopic. Reproduce asexually by producing enormous numbers of asexual spores called conidia.

Front 74

Basidiomycetes

Back 74

Derives from a cell in which a transient diploid stage occurs during the fungal life cycle. The club-like shape of the basidium also gives rise to the common name club fungus. A mushroom pops up as it absorbs water and as cytoplasm streams in from the dikaryotic mycelium.

Front 75

Lichens

Back 75

A symbiotic association of millions of photosynthetic microorganisms held in a mass of fungal hyphae.

Front 76

Cleavage

Back 76

A succession of mitotic cell divisions without cell growth between division cycles.

Front 77

Blastula

Back 77

During the development of most animals, clevage leads to the formation of a multicellular stage which in many animals takes the form of a hollow ball.

Front 78

Gastrulation

Back 78

Layers of embryonic tissues that will develop into adult body parts are produced and the resulting developmental stage is called a gastrula.

Front 79

Larva

Back 79

A secually immature form of an anima that is morphologically distinct from the adult stage, usually eats different food, and may even have a different habitat than the adult, as in the case of the aquatic tadpole of a terrestrial frog.

Front 80

Grade

Back 80

A group of animal species tha share the same level of organizationl complexity.

Front 81

Body plan

Back 81

The set of morpohlogical and developmental traits that define a grade are generally integrated into a functional whole.

Front 82

Germ layers

Back 82

As development progresses, these concentric layers, form the variosu tissures and organs of the body.

Front 83

Ectoderm

Back 83

The germ ayer covering the surgace of the embryo, gives rise to the outer coveing of the animal, and in some phyla, to the central nervous system.

Front 84

Endoderm

Back 84

The innermost germ layer, lines the developing digestive tube, or archeteron, and gives rise to the lining of the disgestive tract or cavity and organs derived from it, such as the liver and lungs of vertebrates.

Front 85

Diploblastic

Back 85

Animals that have only these two germ layers.

Front 86

Mesoderm

Back 86

Other animals have a third germ layer, between the ectoderm and endoderm.

Front 87

Triploblastic

Back 87

Having three germ layers.

Front 88

Body cavity

Back 88

A fluid-filled space separating the digestive tract from the outer body wall.

Front 89

Pseudocoelomates

Back 89

Have one body cavity

Front 90

Acoelomates

Back 90

Some triploblastic animals lack a coelom altogether.

Front 91

Spiral clevage

Back 91

The planes of cell division are diagonal to the vertical axis of the embryo.

Front 92

Determinate cleavage

Back 92

This developmental pattern rigidly casts the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early.

Front 93

Radial clevage

Back 93

Deutrostome development. Most are further characterized by indeterminate clevage, meaning that each cell produced by early clevage divisions retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo.

Front 94

Schizocoelous

Back 94

As the archenteron forms in protostome development, initially solid masses of mesoderm split and dorm the coelomic cavity.

Front 95

Enterocoelous

Back 95

Formation of the body cavity in deuterostome development. The mesoderm buds from the wall of the archenteron and its cavity becomes the coelom.