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41 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Diffusion

refers to the process by which molecules intermingle as a result of their kinetic energy of random motion.

Concentration gradient

the gradual difference in concentration of a dissolved substance in a solution between a region of high density and one of lower density. Expand.

Passive Transport

movement of biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input.

Osmosis

the tendency of a fluid, usually water, to pass through a semipermeable membrane into a solution where the solvent concentration is higher, thus equalizing the concentrations of materials on either side of the membrane.

Tonicity

the ability of of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

Isotonic

having the same (or equal) osmotic pressure and same water potential since the two solutions have an equal concentration of water molecules.

Hypotonic solution

any solution that has a lower osmotic pressure than another solution.

Hypertonic solicitation

a particular type of solution that has a greater concentration of solutes on the outside of a cell when compared with the inside of a cell.

Osmoreregulation

The control of water balance

facilitated diffusion

a type of passive transport




the process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a cell's membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins. ...

aquaporin

a very rapid diffusion of water into and out of cells made possible by a protein channel

Active Transport

the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.


Active transport requires the assistance of a type of protein called a carrier protein, using energy supplied by ATP.

Exocytosis

a transport process through which a cell takes in large molecules

phagocytosis

cellular eating


the process by which a cell, such as a white blood cell, ingests microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particle

receptor-mediated endocytosis

is an endocytotic mechanism in which specific molecules are ingested into the cell.

energy

the capacity to cause change or perform work

kinetic energy

the energy of motion

thermal energy

a type of kinetic energy associated with random movements of atoms or molecules

heat

thermal energy transferred from one object to another

potential energy

2nd main form of energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or structure

chemical energy

the potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

thermodynamics

the study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter

first law of thermodynamics

aka the law of energy conservation states that the energy of the universe is constant. Energy can be transferred and transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed

entropy

a quantity scientists use as a measure of disorder or randomness. the more randomy arranged a collection of matter is the greater the entropy

second law of thermodynamics

energy conversions increase the entropy (disorder) of the universe

cellular respiration

chemical energy stored in organic molecules is used to produce ATP which the cell can use to perform work

exergonic reaction

releases energy. Begins with reactants whose covalenet bonds contain more potential energy than those in the products

endergonic reactions

require a net input of energy and yield products that are rich in potential energy

metabolism

the total of an organisms chemical reactions

metabolic pathway

a series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds

energy coupling

use of energy released from exergonic reactions to drive endergonic reactions. is crucial in all cells

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP for short, is the energy currency of life. ATP is a high-energy molecule found in every cell. Its job is to store and supply the cell with needed energy.

phosphorylation

the addition of a phosphate group (PO43−) to a molecule. Phosphorylation and its counterpart, dephosphorylation, turn many protein enzymes on and off, thereby altering their function and activity.

activation energy

the minimum quantity of energy that the reacting species must possess in order to undergo a specified reaction.

enzymes

are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate, or catalyze, chemical reactions.

induced fit

the binding of a substrate or some other molecule to an enzyme causes a change in the shape of the enzyme so as to enhance or inhibit its activity.

Cofactors

bind to the active site and function in catalysis

coenzyme

a nonprotein compound that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme.

competitive inhibitor

is a form of enzyme inhibition where binding of the inhibitor to the active site on the enzyme prevents binding of the substrate and vice versa. Most competitive inhibitors function by binding reversibly to the active site of the enzyme.



noncompetitive inhibitor

is a type of enzyme inhibition where the inhibitor reduces the activity of the enzyme and binds equally well to the enzyme whether or not it has already bound the substrate.



feedback inhibitor

cellular control mechanism in which an enzyme that catalyzes the production of a particular substance in the cell is inhibited when that substance has accumulated to a certain level, thereby balancing the amount provided with the amount needed.