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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Roots
|
Rely on sugar produced by
photosynthesis in shoot system |
|
Shoots
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Rely on water and minerals
absorbed by root system |
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Root functions
|
– Anchoring the plant
– Absorbing minerals and water – Storing organic nutrients |
|
Taproot system
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One main vertical root that gives rise to lateral roots
**found in eudicots |
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Fibrous root system
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• Thin lateral roots with no main root
• Seedless vascular plants and monocots |
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Absorption of water and minerals occurs near ____ _____
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root hairs
|
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nodes
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the points at which leaves are attached
|
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Internodes
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the stem segments between nodes
|
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Axillary bud
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Structure that form a lateral shoot, or branch
|
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Apical bud, or terminal bud
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– Near the shoot tip
– Causes elongation of a young shoot |
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Apical dominance
|
helps to maintain dormancy in most nonapical buds
|
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Leaves
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• Main photosynthetic
organ |
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petiole
|
stalk of the leaf that joins it to the stem
|
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Most monocots have
_____ veins |
parallel
|
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Most eudicots have
______ veins |
branching
|
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Plant organs comprised of what 3 types of tissues
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–Dermal tissues
–Vascular tissues –Ground tissues |
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Dermal tissue in non-woody plants
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consists of the epidermis
|
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Dermal tissue in woody plants
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consists of protective tissues
called periderm -Replaces the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots |
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Vascular tissue is comprised of what 2 tissues
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xylem and phloem
|
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Xylem
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Conveys water and dissolved minerals from roots into the shoots
|
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Phloem
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– Transports organic nutrients
– From where they are made (leaves) to where they are needed (rest of the plant) |
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stele
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Vascular tissue of a stem or root
|
|
vascular bundles
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Strands of xylem and phloem
|
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Ground tissue
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– cells specialized for storage
– cells specialized for photosynthesis – cells specialized for support |
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Parenchyma cells
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– Have thin and flexible primary walls
– Lack secondary walls – Are the least specialized – Perform the most metabolic functions – Retain the ability to divide and differentiate |
|
Collenchyma cells
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• Grouped in strands
• Help support young parts of the plant shoot • Thicker and uneven cell walls • Lack secondary walls • Provide flexible support without restraining growth |
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Sclerenchyma cells
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• Rigid because of thick secondary walls strengthened with lignin
• Dead at functional maturity |
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Sclereids
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• Short and irregular in shape
• Thick lignified secondary walls |
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Fibers
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• Long and slender
• Arranged in threads |
|
Two types of waterconducting
cells |
• Tracheids
• Vessel elements |
|
Tracheids
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Found in the xylem of all vascular plants
|
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Vessel elements
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Common to angiosperms and a few gymnosperms
– Align end to end – Form long micropipes called vessels |
|
Sievetube elements
|
sugar conducting cells
• Alive at functional maturity • Lack organelles • Each sieve‐tube element has a companion cell |
|
companion cell
|
Nucleus and ribosomes serve
sieve‐tube element cells |
|
Sieve plates
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• Porous end walls
• Allow fluid to flow between cells along the sieve tube |
|
what do meristems do?
|
generate cells for new organs
|
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meristems have what 2 types of cells
|
• Initials
• Derivatives |
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Apical meristems
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– Elongate shoots and roots
**primary growth |
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Lateral meristems
|
– Add thickness to woody plants
**Secondary growth |
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what are the 2 lateral meristems
|
– Vascular cambium
– Cork cambium |
|
Vascular cambium
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Adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem
|
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Cork cambium
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Replaces the epidermis with periderm
|
|
leaf primordia
|
where leaves develop
|
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Stomata
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• Holes in epidermis of leaf
• Allow CO2 exchange etween air and the hotosynthetic cells |
|
Mesophyll
|
• Ground tissue between the
upper and lower epidermis • Palisade mesophyll • Spongy mesophyll -- Site of gas exchange |
|
Secondary plant body
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– Tissues produced by the vascular cambium
– Tissues produced by cork cambium |
|
Secondary growth Occurs only in
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gymnosperms and eudicots
|
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Vascular cambium
|
is a ring of initials of meristematic cells
-comprised of initials |
|
initials
|
add secondary xylem to the *inside and secondary phloem to the *outside
|
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what is secondary xylem
|
wood
|
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Cork cambium
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gives rise to the protective tissure called the periderm
|
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Lenticels
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Openings in periderm allow for gas exchange between living stem or root cells and the outside air
|