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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which uses more energy, locomotion or movement?
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locomotion
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What is locomotion?
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moving from one place to another
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What are some types of locomotion?
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swimming, walking, crawling, flying, running, slithering
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ATP is required to...
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overcome friction in the environment
hold up against gravity |
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What is does the body plan of an animal that lives in water look like?
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torpedo
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Why is a swim bladder useful for fish?
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If it gets too hot on the top of a pond, they can sink to the cooler depths
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What kind of locomotion does a jellyfish have?
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jet propulsion
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What do sharks store in their liver to help them swim?
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oil
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More energy is required in water to overcome friction or gravity?
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friction
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Why does crawling require a lot of energy?
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Lots of friction, low to the ground
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What are some adaptations that birds have for flying?
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light bones, fewer organs, light beaks, light feathers; fast heart rate for quick ATP production
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What are some adaptations that arthropods have for flying?
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wings extend from the epidermis
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What body systems are involved in locomotion?
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all of them
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What are some benefits of flight?
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access to resources
cover ground quickly find a mate avoid predation |
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Why is a skeleton important?
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support
protection muscle attachment exoskele prevents desiccation in land animals |
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What are the types of skeletons?
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hydrostatic
gastrovascular exo endo |
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What is a gastrovascular cavity?
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sac with only 1 opening, muscles press against the sac
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How is an exoskeleton formed?
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secreted by the mantle in bivalves, by epidermis in arthropods
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What kind of skeleton are spicules considered?
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endo
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What is an axial skeleton?
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skull, vertebral column, ribs
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What is an appendicular skeleton?
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limbs, and associated girdles
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Muscles are antagonistic. What does this mean?
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When one contracts, the other relaxes
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tiers in muscle
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muscle fiber
myofibrils myofilaments -sarcomeres --actin --myosin |
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What is actin?
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thin filament
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what is myosin?
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thick filament
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What does the sliding filament theory explain?
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the cause of contractions in muscles
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What does a muscle contraction require in order to occur?
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calcium ions from the neurons, and ATP to move
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What are deuterostome characteristics?
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Mouth develops second
radial, indeterminate development coelem formed from archenteron |
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Urochordata and cephalochordata are what?
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invertebrate chordates
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What animals are in the phyla echinodermata?
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sea star, sea cucumber, sea urchin
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What is a madreporite?
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Water enters a seastar through this opening, and enters the water-vascular system
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What does the water-vascular system do?
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sends water, minerals and gases through the animal
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Are echinodermata embryos radially or bilaterally symmetrical?
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bilaterally
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What is the water-vascular system used for?
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locomotion
nutrition gas exchange provide suction at ends of tube feet |
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What are the characteristics of the phyla chordata?
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dorsal, hollow nerve chord
notochord pharyngeal slits post-anal tail |
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What does the notochord do?
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provides support
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Where is the notochord located?
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between the nerve chord and digestive system
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What is a notochord?
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series of fluid-filled cells
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What happens to the notochord as an animal develops?
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present in the vertebrate embryo, and becomes the material between discs
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What does the nerve chord develop from?
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ectoderm
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What does the nerve chord become?
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brain, spinal chord
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What does the nerve chord do?
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transmits nerve impulses
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What do the pharyngeal slits do?
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Water enters through the mouth, and exits through the slits
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What does the pharyngeal slit develop into in aquatic vertebrates?
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gills
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What does the pharyngeal slit develop into in terrestrial vertebrates?
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parts of ears, throat and jaws
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What does the post-anal tail do?
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contains and protects ends of nerve and noto chords
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What does the post-anal tail develop into?
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a tail, in some vertebrates
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Urochordata...
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display chordate characteristics when in larval form
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Why is the lancelet considered the perfect chordate?
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All chordate characteristics present in adult
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What does amphioxus mean?
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both ends are pointed
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What do muscles develop from?
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mesoderm
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How does the lancelet move from place to place?
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using muscles segmented into chevrons
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What kind of circulatory system does the lancelet have?
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closed with colorless blood
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How do lancelets respirate?
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diffusion across skin
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What is the lancelets nervous system like?
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dorsal brain
nerve chord |
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What do the sensory tentacles near the lancelet's mouth do?
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sense chemical changes, prevent large particles from entering the mouth
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Does the lancelet have cephalization?
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yes; light receptors and eye spots in dorsal position
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Why are chondrichthyes significant?
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development of a jaw
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What phylum developed jaws?
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chondrichthyes
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What is a Craniate?
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A chordate that has a head
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What is the advantage of having a head?
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active predation
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What are some shared craniate characteristics?
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skull, eyes, brain, sensory organs
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What is a neural crest?
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a collection of cells near the dorsal margins of the neural tube in an embryo
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What does the neural crest give rise to?
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bones, skull cartilage, a variety of structures
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Craniates have a higher ____ than tunicates and lancelets.
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metabolism
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How many chambers does the cranial heart have?
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2
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Describe cranial blood cells
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red blood cells with hemoglobin
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What is a haikouella
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most primitive craniate fossil, 3 cm long
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Describe the haikouella
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no skull, well formed brain and eyes, muscular segments
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What is a hagfish?
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least complex surviving craniate
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What are some characteristics of hagfish?
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skull made of cartilage
notochords develop into cartilage rod lack jaws and vertebrae |
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What are vertebrates?
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craniates with a backbone
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What are vertebrate characteristics?
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vertebrae enclosed in spinal chord
elaborate skull fin rays, in aquatic form |
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What are vertebrates efficient at?
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capturing food and avoiding being eating
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What are lampreys?
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oldest living lineage of vertebrates
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What are some characteristics of lampreys?
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jawless vertebrate
marine/freshwater habitats |
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What is the origin of bones and teeth?
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Mineralization probably evolved with vertebrate mouthparts.
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What distinguishes gnathostomes?
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They are vertebrates with jaws.
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What did jaws develop from?
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Probably from skeletal supports of the pharyngeal slits
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What are characteristics common to gnathostomes?
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enlarged forebrain associated with enhanced smell and vision
lateral line system - sensitive to vibrations |
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What are gnathostomes?
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'fish'
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What animals are chondrichthyams?
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sharks, rays, skates
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What is the chondrichthyam skeleton made of?
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mostly cartilage
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What are some characteristics of sharks?
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streamlined body
not very maneuverable carnivorous, keen eye sight |
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What is a cloaca?
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common area where the reproductive tract, excretory system and digestive tract empty into
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How are shark eggs fertilized?
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internally
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What is oviparous?
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eggs hatch outside mother's body
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What is ovoviviparous?
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embryo develops in uterus and is nourished by egg yolk
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What is viviparous?
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embryo develops in uterus and is nourished through placenta from mother's blood
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What are osteichthyes?
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bony fish and tetrapods
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How do osteichthyes breathe?
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water over gills
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What is the operculum?
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muscular flap that helps pull water through gills
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Which phylum has an operculum?
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osteichthyes
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What are actinopterygii
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ray-finned fishes
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What are sarcopterygii?
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lobe-finned fishes
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What are the 3 surviving lineages of sarcopterygii?
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coelacanths, lungfish, tetrapods
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What are tetrapods?
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gnathostomes with limbs
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What are some characteristics of tetrapods?
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four limbs and feet with digits
ears to detect airborne sounds |
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-AR Present tense endings
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-é
-aste -ó -amos -aron |
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-ER and -IR present tense endings
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-í
-iste -ió -imos -ieron |
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department store
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el almacén
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el almacén
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department store
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el centro comercial
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shopping center
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shopping center
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el centro comercial
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el mercado al aire libre
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open-air market
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open-air market
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el mercado al aire libre
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el precio
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price
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price
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el precio
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la rebaja
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sale
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sale
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la rebaja
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el regalo
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present
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present
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el regalo
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la talla
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size
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size
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la talla
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la tarjeta de crédito
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credit card
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credit card
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la tarjeta de crédito
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la tienda
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store
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store
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la tienda
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el algodón
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cotton
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cotton
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el algodón
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de color entero
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solid color
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solid color
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de color entero
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plaid
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de cuadros
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de cuadros
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plaid
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de cuero
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leather
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leather
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de cuero
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la lana
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wool
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wool
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la lana
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de lunares
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polka-dotted
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polka-dotted
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de lunares
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el poliéster
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polyester
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polyester
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el poliéster
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de rayas
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striped
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striped
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de rayas
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silk
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la seda
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la seda
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silk
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ancho/a
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wide
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wide
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ancho/a
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barato/a
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cheap
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cheap
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barato/a
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caro/a
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expensive
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expensive
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caro/a
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estrecho/a
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tight
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tight
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estrecho/a
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magnífico/a
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great
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great
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magnífico/a
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precioso/a
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beautiful
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beautiful
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precioso/a
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rebajado/a
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marked down
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marked down
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rebajado/a
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