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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
True Breeding
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-Offspring that have the same trait as parent
Ex: Round seeded parents produce all round seeded offspring |
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homozygous
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- Two identical alleles of a gene.
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autosomes
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- Non-sex chromosomes
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Genotype
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- The allele combinations in an individual that cause particular traits or disorders
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heterozygous
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- Two different alleles of a gene.
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Phenotype
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- The expression or appearance of a gene in traits or symptoms
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pedigree
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- A chart depicting the genetic relationships and transmissions of inherited traits in related individuals
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Lethals
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- A genotype (allele combination) that causes death.
Ex: Spontaneous abortion |
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Multiple Alleles
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- When a gene can exist in more than one allelic form in a population because it can mutate in any ways.
- Different allele combinations can produce variations in the phenotype. - Many variants or degrees of a phenotype occur. Ex: Cystic Fibrosis |
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Co-dominance
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- Both alleles are expressed in the the heterozygotes
Ex: Blood Type... Alleles A & B |
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Incomplete dominance
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- When the heterozygous phenotype is distinct from either homozygous phenotype
- The heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between that of either homozygote. Ex: Snapdragons (when red and white are crossed, a pink plant results) |
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Epistasis
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- One gene masks or affects the phenotype of another
- When this occurs the blocked gene is expressed, but the product of the controlling gene inactivates it or removes a structure needed for it to contribute to the phenotype. Ex: Gene that results in total blindness would be epistatic to gene that controls hair color |
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Linkage
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- The transmission of two genes on the same chromosome
- Two genes on the same chromosome will not assort randomly during meiosis because they are to close to each other. - Instead, they are often "packaged" in to the same gametes. |
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Recombination
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- During crossover in prophase I, chromosomes recombine and new combinations of alleles are created.
- Frequency of recombination between two genes is proportional to the distance between genes. |
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Linkage Map
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- Diagram indicating the relative distance between genes
1% = 1 map unit = 1 CM 1 CM more closely linked than 50CM Less than 50 CM = stay linked |
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Phenocopy
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- Appears to be inherited but is caused by the environment
- An environmentally caused condition has symptoms and a recurrence pattern similar to those of a known inherited trait. Ex: Infections, Exposure to teratogens, Rubella in pregnant mothers causing deafness |
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Expressivity
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- A phenotype that varies in severity or extent
- Occurs due to differences in nutrition, stress, illness etc. Ex: Polydactyly |
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SRY gene
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- Encodes for a transcription factor protein
- Controls the expression of other genes - Stimulates male development - In response, developing testes secrete hormones to destroy female structures - Testosterone is secreted and stimulates male structures |
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X inactivation
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- Shuts off one X chromosome in each cell in female mammals, making them mosaics for heterozygous genes on the X chromosome.
- Alters phenotype not genotyope - Inactivated X chromosomes for a Barr Body |
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Barr body
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- Wall created by inactivated X chromosome
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sex ratio
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- Number of males divided by the number of females multiplied by 1,000.
- China and India Males outnumber females due to termination of XX fetuses or infanticide of girl babies - In most populations, later in life, sex ratios favor females |
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sex-linked
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- Traits carried on the sex chromosome
Ex: Red-Green color blindness, male pattern baldness, hemophilia |
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sex-limited
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- Traits that affect a structure or function occurring only in one gender
- Affect only one sex, but the other sex can still transmit the gene - May be autosomal or X-linked Ex: Beard growth, milk production |
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sex-influenced
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- Alleles appear dominant in one gender and recessive in the other
- Traits which the phenotype expressed by a heterozygote is influenced by gender - Can be sex-linked or autosomal Ex: male pattern baldness (won't show up in a heterozygous female) |
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Neuron
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Types:
- Sensory: bring information to the brain - Internuerons: integrate information between sensory and motor neurons - Motor: Send information outward to muscles |
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neurotransmitter
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- Chemicals that communicate between neurons
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dendrite
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Part of Neuron
- short extensions that carry information from other neurons towards the cell body |
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cell body
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Part of Nueron
- Includes the nucleus and other cellular organelles |
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axon
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Part of Neuron
- long extension carries away from cell body to other neurons |
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Neuroglia
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- provide support and nutrition
- form myelin - participate in signal transmission in the nervous system. |
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anorexia nervosa
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- Psychological perception of obesity and intentional starvation
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myelin
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- Coats and insulates neuron and speeds neurotransmission
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bulimia
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- Eats large amounts of food but exercises and vommits intentionally
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narcolepsy
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- A person falls asleep suddenly several times a day
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Addiction
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- Compulsively seeking and taking a drug despite knowing its adverse effects.
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Tolerance
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- The need to take more of a drug to achieve the same effects as time goes on.
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Dependence
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- Onset of withdrawal symptoms upon stopping the use of the drug.
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