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37 Cards in this Set

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True Breeding
-Offspring that have the same trait as parent

Ex: Round seeded parents produce all round seeded offspring
homozygous
- Two identical alleles of a gene.
autosomes
- Non-sex chromosomes
Genotype
- The allele combinations in an individual that cause particular traits or disorders
heterozygous
- Two different alleles of a gene.
Phenotype
- The expression or appearance of a gene in traits or symptoms
pedigree
- A chart depicting the genetic relationships and transmissions of inherited traits in related individuals
Lethals
- A genotype (allele combination) that causes death.

Ex: Spontaneous abortion
Multiple Alleles
- When a gene can exist in more than one allelic form in a population because it can mutate in any ways.
- Different allele combinations can produce variations in the phenotype.

- Many variants or degrees of a phenotype occur.

Ex: Cystic Fibrosis
Co-dominance
- Both alleles are expressed in the the heterozygotes

Ex: Blood Type... Alleles A & B
Incomplete dominance
- When the heterozygous phenotype is distinct from either homozygous phenotype
- The heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between that of either homozygote.

Ex: Snapdragons (when red and white are crossed, a pink plant results)
Epistasis
- One gene masks or affects the phenotype of another
- When this occurs the blocked gene is expressed, but the product of the controlling gene inactivates it or removes a structure needed for it to contribute to the phenotype.

Ex: Gene that results in total blindness would be epistatic to gene that controls hair color
Linkage
- The transmission of two genes on the same chromosome
- Two genes on the same chromosome will not assort randomly during meiosis because they are to close to each other.
- Instead, they are often "packaged" in to the same gametes.
Recombination
- During crossover in prophase I, chromosomes recombine and new combinations of alleles are created.
- Frequency of recombination between two genes is proportional to the distance between genes.
Linkage Map
- Diagram indicating the relative distance between genes

1% = 1 map unit = 1 CM
1 CM more closely linked than 50CM
Less than 50 CM = stay linked
Phenocopy
- Appears to be inherited but is caused by the environment
- An environmentally caused condition has symptoms and a recurrence pattern similar to those of a known inherited trait.

Ex: Infections, Exposure to teratogens, Rubella in pregnant mothers causing deafness
Expressivity
- A phenotype that varies in severity or extent
- Occurs due to differences in nutrition, stress, illness etc.

Ex: Polydactyly
SRY gene
- Encodes for a transcription factor protein
- Controls the expression of other genes
- Stimulates male development
- In response, developing testes secrete hormones to destroy female structures
- Testosterone is secreted and stimulates male structures
X inactivation
- Shuts off one X chromosome in each cell in female mammals, making them mosaics for heterozygous genes on the X chromosome.
- Alters phenotype not genotyope
- Inactivated X chromosomes for a Barr Body
Barr body
- Wall created by inactivated X chromosome
sex ratio
- Number of males divided by the number of females multiplied by 1,000.
- China and India Males outnumber females due to termination of XX fetuses or infanticide of girl babies
- In most populations, later in life, sex ratios favor females
sex-linked
- Traits carried on the sex chromosome

Ex: Red-Green color blindness, male pattern baldness, hemophilia
sex-limited
- Traits that affect a structure or function occurring only in one gender
- Affect only one sex, but the other sex can still transmit the gene
- May be autosomal or X-linked

Ex: Beard growth, milk production
sex-influenced
- Alleles appear dominant in one gender and recessive in the other
- Traits which the phenotype expressed by a heterozygote is influenced by gender
- Can be sex-linked or autosomal

Ex: male pattern baldness (won't show up in a heterozygous female)
Neuron
Types:
- Sensory: bring information to the brain
- Internuerons: integrate information between sensory and motor neurons
- Motor: Send information outward to muscles
neurotransmitter
- Chemicals that communicate between neurons
dendrite
Part of Neuron
- short extensions that carry information from other neurons towards the cell body
cell body
Part of Nueron
- Includes the nucleus and other cellular organelles
axon
Part of Neuron
- long extension carries away from cell body to other neurons
Neuroglia
- provide support and nutrition
- form myelin
- participate in signal transmission in the nervous system.
anorexia nervosa
- Psychological perception of obesity and intentional starvation
myelin
- Coats and insulates neuron and speeds neurotransmission
bulimia
- Eats large amounts of food but exercises and vommits intentionally
narcolepsy
- A person falls asleep suddenly several times a day
Addiction
- Compulsively seeking and taking a drug despite knowing its adverse effects.
Tolerance
- The need to take more of a drug to achieve the same effects as time goes on.
Dependence
- Onset of withdrawal symptoms upon stopping the use of the drug.