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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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what kinds of organisms can carry out photosynthesis? |
algae and bacteria |
not just plants
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what are the wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum (energy from the sun) that are used in photosynthesis? |
450 and 700 nm |
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where does photosynthesis happen in plants ( in which cell part) |
chloroplast |
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what chemical equation for photosynthesis? In the equation which compounds are the reactants and which are the products? |
6CO2 + 6H2O (+ light energy) → C6H12O6 + 6O2. Reactants→ products |
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what happens to the water that enters the plant? (what gas is produced by the plant?) |
water evaporates or converts from a liquid to a gas (carbon dioxide) |
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where does the cell get the electrons to replace the ones that are used to make the products of the light reactions? |
Electrons from Photosystem II |
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what gas is "fixed" by the plant during the carbon reactions? |
CO2 |
also called the calvin cycle
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what is the product of the carbon reactions ( calvin cycle)? |
simple sugar such as glucose and oxygen molecules |
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what important energy molecule does a cell make in aerobic cellular respiration? |
ATP molecule. |
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what is the overall chemical equation for aerobic cellular respiration? In the equation, which compounds are the reactants and which ones are the products? |
C6H12O6 (aq) + 6O2 (g) → 6CO2 (g) + 6H2O (l) |
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what are the 3 main steps if aerobic cellular respiration? |
1. intake of glucose |
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where does glycolysis occur in the cell? |
Cytosol |
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where do the krebs cycle and the electron transport chain occur in a eurkaryotic cell? |
matrix of the mitochondrion.
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what is the preliminary chemical reaction? |
inner membrane of the mitochondria. This process is a source of acetyl-CoA molecules for the citric acid cycle.
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also called pyruvate oxidation |
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what are the important products of the krebs cycle |
carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2, ATP |
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in what step is oxygen used? what does the oxygen become? |
Final step
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what does the carbon in the sugar turn into? |
pyruvate
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in which step is most of the ATP made? |
Second Stage of Glycolysis
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when does a cell use fermentation instead of aerobic cellular respiration? |
oxygen is absent, many cells are still able to use glycolysis to produce ATP.
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how many molecules of ATP are made from one glucose molecule in aerobic cellular respiration and how many are made in fermentation? |
38 ATP in aerobic cellular respiration and 4 ATP are made during fermentation
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what are the products of fermentation in yeast |
to ethanol and carbon dioxide creating beer and wine
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gene |
a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring. |
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two major steps of protein synthesis |
transcription and translation
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what happens in translation? where does it happen?
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RNA and ribosomes work together to produce proteins cytoplasm
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what happens in transcription? where does it happen? |
DNA replication in that a DNA strand is used to synthesize a strand of mRNA. nucleus
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if a gene says tag agg cat tta, what does the mRNA copy of gene say |
auc ucc gtc aat
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how many nucleotides code for one amino acid? |
three nucleotides per codon.
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do you use the dna or the mRNA before it goes out to the ribosome in eukaryotic cells? |
mRNA
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whats is the function of tRNA and what does the t stand for? |
Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) is a type of RNA molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein
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point mutation |
mutation affecting only one or very few nucleotides in a gene sequence.
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result of point mutation |
a single base pair is altered
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what are the steps in dna replication |
The first major step for the DNA Replication to take place is the breaking of hydrogen bonds between bases of the two antiparallel strands. The unwounding of the two strands is the starting point.
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chromosomes |
threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. |
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if you have a strand of dna that reafs tacg, what are the complementary bases on the other side of the molecule |
atgc
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what does it mean that dna replication is semi-conservative |
he two original DNA strands separate during replication; each strand then serves as a template for a new DNA strand, which means that each newly synthesized double helix is a combination of one old and one new DNA strand.
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when a cell part is not dividing it is in interphase. describe the parts of interphase of the cell cycle G1 s G2 and what happens in each ones |
G2 is completed, the cell enters a relatively brief period of nuclear and cellular division, composed of mitosis and cytokinesis, respectively. After the successful completion of mitosis and cytokinesis, both resulting daughter cells re-enter G1 of interphase.
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how many chromosomes do your cells have? |
each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46.
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what are the four phases of mitosis |
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase; the steps follow one another without interruption.
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what are sister chromatid what is a centromere |
two identical copies (chromatids) formed by the replication of a single chromosome, with both copies joined together
centromere point on a chromosome by which it is attached to a spindle fiber during cell division. |
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what happens during each of the four phases of mitosis |
the cell separates its cytoplasm, organelles and DNA equally |
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from one parent cell how many daughter cells are there after mitosis |
cell produces two identical daughter cells. |
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are the daughter cells identical to the parent cell or are they different |
they are identical |
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what is different about cytokinesis in plant and animal cells |
contractile ring is a ring of actin filaments below the cell membrane that constricts the middle of a dividing animal cell to complete cell division. The cell plate is the area where the new cell membrane and cell wall form between dividing plant cells during cytokinesis.
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cytokinesis |
cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells |
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