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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Organic Compound
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A compound which contains hydrogen (and other elements) bonded to a backbone of carbon atoms, and is made by, or derived from, organisms.
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Monomer
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a small molecule that may become chemically bonded to other monomers to form a polymer [1].
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Polymer
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a large molecule (macromolecule) composed of repeating structural units typically connected by covalent chemical bonds.
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Carbohydrates
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Hydrated carbons [CH2O]
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Monosaccharides
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Simple sugars which combine to form disaccharides and polysaccharides
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Polysaccharides
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complex carbohydrates
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Lipids
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fats & oils, steroids, waxes. Hydrophobic, Saturated or unsaturated.
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Saturated
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containing no double or triple bonds; having each single bond attached to an atom or group. Having no free valence electrons.
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Unsaturated
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When referring to solutions, being able to dissolve more solute. When referring to organic compounds, containing double or triple carbon-carbon bonds.
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Functions of Lipids
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-Energy storage source
-Structural elements of cells and organelles. -Signal transduction molecules -Sleep Inducing |
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Prokaryotic
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"Primitive" cells that developed before it was common to have a nucleus. ALL cells lack nucleus and organelles full of membranes.
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Eukaryotic
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Having a true nucleus. All cells have a nucleus and organelles with lots of membranes.
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Micron
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1000 times smaller than a millimeter. Microscopic.
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Size of most bacteria
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1-3 microns
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Size of most plant and animal cells
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30-50 microns
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Angstrom
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1000 times smaller than a micron. Used to measure atoms.
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Nanometers
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Used to measure molecules
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Coccus Cells
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perfect sphere, smallest. 1 micron
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Bacillus
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"rod" shaped
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Spirochete
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Spiral shaped cell
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DNA does not leave the
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nucleus
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Chromatin
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DNA not condensed into chromosomes. Stretched through nucleus.
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RNA leaves nucleus through
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nuclear pores
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Ribosomes are built in the
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nucleus
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Two forms of E.R.
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Rough & smooth
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Rough E.R.
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looks rough because of ribosomes attached to the membrane. Present in cells that produce a lot of protein, such as white blood cells.
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Smooth E.R.
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No ribosomes. Present in cells that produce a lot of lipids, such as cholesterol.
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Golgi Apparatus
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Receives and packages cells
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Mitochondria
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Cells broken down for energy
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Microtubules
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A hollow tube, 23 nanometers. Associated with movement
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Microfilaments
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A strand, only 7 nanometers. Associated with movement.
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Intermediate filaments
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NOT associated with movement- used for structure. 10 nanometers.
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Cell dividing is due to
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microfilaments. they contract while wrapped around the cell, and pinch the cell in two.
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-forms the outer boundary of many cells
-maintains the integrity of cells -controls the movement of materials in/out of cells -contains the identity markers for the cell -receives signals from other cells and the environment -provides adhesion with other cells to form tissue |
Cell Membrane
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Polar + Non-polar
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Non-dissolving in water
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Recognition Protein
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identity marker-makes immune system recognize what's what.
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Receptor Protein
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receives signal if protein is built correctly.
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Transport Protein
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Controls what gets into cells, such as glucose
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Microscopic
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must have a lot of surface area with very little volume
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Diffusion
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movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region where the concentration of that kind of molecule is lower.
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There must be a ___________ for diffusion to occur.
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Concentration gradient
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Equilibrium
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Equal concentration of molecules
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Membrane is built as a
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lipid bilayer
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Membrane is built as a
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lipid bilayer
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Osmosis
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the diffusion of water
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Isotonic
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No net change in water movement. Equal concentration of free water.
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Hypotonic
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Low concentration of solute-less bound water and more free water.
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Hypertonic
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higher concentration of solute- more bound water and less free water.
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Water, gases, & lipid soluble molecules can diffuse through the
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phospholipid bi-layer
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Active Transport Requires
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energy
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Active transport goes against
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concentration gradient
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In diffusion, molecules go from
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high concentration to low concentration
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Kinetic Energy
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Energy that is actively doing work (movement) Ex- Waterfall, battery being used. CAN convert something into potential energy
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Potential Energy
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energy that is stored, has potential to do work. Ex- Rock on a hilltop, battery not being used but isn't dead. Can be converted to kinetic energy.
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1st Law of Thermodynamics
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Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be converted from one form to another.
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2nd Law of Thermodynamics
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energy can't be changed from one form to another, without a loss of usable energy (while energy is being converted in food webs or humans there is a lot of energy loss due to heat radiating off bodies) & gain in entropy.
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2nd Law of Thermodynamics
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energy can't be changed from one form to another, without a loss of usable energy (while energy is being converted in food webs or humans there is a lot of energy loss due to heat radiating off bodies) & gain in entropy.
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Endergonic Reaction (photosynthesis)
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energy of activation (stored)
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Exergonic Reaction
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Have to go up hill 1st- released
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Entropy
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a function of thermodynamic variables, as temperature, pressure, or composition, that is a measure of the energy that is not available for work during a thermodynamic process. A closed system evolves toward a state of maximum entropy.
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Prefix -ase=
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Enzyme
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Peroxisomes
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make catalase
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