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64 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
fundamental building block of matter; consists of varying numbers of electrons, protons, and neutrons
atom
A chemical bond in which atoms of opposite charge are held together by electrostatic attraction
ionic bond
attraction that forms between a covalently bonded hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom taking part in another covalent bond
hydrogen bond
atom that carries a charge due to an unequal number of protons and electrons
ion
regarded as the universal solvent primarily due to its chemical and physical properties
water
The negative logarithm of the H+ ion concentration. The pH is a measure of the acidity or basic character of a solution. Since it measures a fraction, the larger the pH number, the less H ions are present in a solution
pH
any substance that releases hydrogen ions in water
acid
any substance that accepts hydrogen ions as it dissolves in water
base
any molecule of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; typically a 1:2:1 ratio
carbohydrates
fatty, oily, or waxy organic compound
lipids
organic compound that consists of one or more polypeptide chains
proteins
organic compound that consists of one or more polypeptide chains
proteins
organic compound with a five carbon sugar, a nitrogen containing base, and a phosphate group
nucleotides
a capacity to do work
energy
net movement of like ions or molecules from a region where they are most concentrated to an adjoining region where they are less concentrated
diffusion
diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region where the water concentration is higher to a region where it is lower
osmosis
The site of photosynthesis; one of the three major organs in plants
leaf
cells in leaves that are closely placed together under the epidermal layer of the leaf
palisade mesophyll
organelle of photosynthesis in plants; two outer membranes enclose a semifluid stroma; a third forms a compartment that functions in ATP and NADPH formation
chloroplasts
main photosynthesis pigment in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria
chlorophyll a
The specialized membrane structures in which photosynthesis takes place. Internal membranes in the chloroplast where the light reaction chemicals are embedded. Collections of these form the grana
thylakoids
a series of stacked thylakoid disks containing chlorophyll; found in the inner membrane of chloroplasts
grana
semifluid matrix between the thylakoid membrane and the two outer membranes of a chloroplast; site of light independent photosynthesis reactions
stroma
a cluster of pigments and proteins that as a unit, converts light energy to chemical energy in the first step of photosynthesis
photosystems
the main energy carrier between reaction sites in cells
ATP
at the surface of thylakoid disks to trap photons of light energy and temporarily store in molecules of ATP and NADPH
light reactions
light independent reactions of photosynthesis; cyclic pathway that forms glucose from CO2
calvin cycle
organism that makes its own food using carbon from CO2 and energy from light or inorganic substances
autotroph
A six-carbon single sugar; the most common energy source
glucose
type of plant that uses only the calvin-benson cycle to fix carbon; on dry days, photorespiration predominates
C3
type of plant that minimizes photo-respiration by fixing carbon twice, using a C4 pathway in addition to the calvin-benson cycle
C4
type of C4 plant that conserves water by opening stomata only at night, when it fixes carbon by a C4 pathway
CAM
Self-replicating membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelles in most eukaryotic cells that complete the breakdown of glucose, producing NADH and ATP. The powerhouse of the cell.
mitochondria
Structures formed by the folding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion
cristae
first stage of carbohydrate breakdown pathways; glucose or other sugar is broken down to two pyruvates; net yield 2 ATP/glucose
glycolysis
the second stage of aerobic respiration; as pyruvate from glycolysis is fully broken down to CO2 and H2O, two ATP and many coenzymes form
Krebs cycle
The loss of electrons from the outer shell of an atom; often accompanied by the transfer of a proton and thus involves the loss of a hydrogen ion. The loss of electrons or hydrogens in a chemical reaction
oxidation
The gain of an electron or a hydrogen atom. The gain of electrons or hydrogens in a chemical reaction
reduction
the semifluid matrix between a cells plasma membrane and its nucleus or nucleoid
cytoplasm
cells in the absence of oxygen ferment sugars and other foods process is used to produce cheese, yogurt, and bread
fermentation
act by interfering with oxidative phosphorylation 1. block the ETC 2. block ATP synthase 3. interfere with the H+ gradient
poisons
DNA of mitochondria, distinct from nuclear DNA of a cell; has its own genetic code
mitochondrial DNA
pyruvate is converted to lactate
lactic acid fermentation
pyruvate is converted to ethanol and CO2
alcohol fermentation
Deoxyribonucleic acid. double stranded nucleic acid twisted into a helix; hereditary material for all living organisms and many viruses
DNA
Process by which DNA is duplicated prior to cell division
replication
thymine (T) is paired with
adenine (A)
Guanine (G) is paired with
cytosine (C)
rocess of DNA replication in which the DNA helix is unwound and each strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand, which is linked to the old strand. Thus, one old strand is retained in each new molecule.
semiconservative replication
permanent, small-scale change in DNA. primary source of new alleles and thus, of life's diversity
mutation
a complete molecule of DNA and its attached proteins; carries part or all of an organisms genes
chromosome
all of the DNA molecules and associated proteins in a nucleus
chromatin
matter is composed of _____, which themselves are composed of
elements; atoms
the formula H2) means
a molecule contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
the pH scale measure the
concentration of hydrogen ions in solution
a simple carbohydrate is characterized by
having a molecular formula of C6H12O6
lipids are characterized by
a group of substances that are insoluble in water, a number of compounds such as phospholipids, cholesterol, and fats; fat molecules containing C, H, and O, but the proportion of oxygen is much smaller than in carbohydrates
general characteristics of protein
1. serve as structural materials, energy sources, and chemical messengers
2. contain C,H,O, and N, and sometimes sulfur
3. can act as enzymes
general function of nucleic acids
DNA stores genetic information
why are plant leaves green?
they reflect green wavelengths of light
C3 and C4 plants:
1. C3 plants are more successful in mild climates than C4 plants
2. C3 plants fix carbon dioxide in the mesophyll cells
3. In C3 plants, O2 competes with CO2 for the active site of RuBP carboxylase
4. C4 plants deliver CO2 to the calvin cycle using bundle sheath cells sheltered from leaf air spaces
the main organ in which photosynthesis occurs
leaf
fermentation, a form of anaerobic respiration, produces what as a product
alcohol
the material of heredity, contained in the chromosomes, is sometimes abbreviated
DNA