Bio Test 1 Review For Final

Front 1

Steps of the scientific method

Back 1

♡Observation

♡Hypothesis

♡Prediction

♡Testing

♡Conclusion

Front 2

All cells have

Back 2

1. Cell membrane

2. Cytoplasm

3. DNA

4. Ribosome

Front 3

Eukaryotes

Back 3

Are subdivided by internal membranes into various membrane-enclosed organelles

Front 4

Prokaryotes

Back 4

Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles found in eukaryotic cells

Front 5

A system

Back 5

A combination of components thst form a more complex organization

Front 6

Emergent properties

Back 6

New properties that emerge as complexity increases

Front 7

If it's alive

Back 7

It has:

♡Cells

♡DNA

♡Metabolism

♡Homeostasis

♡Reproduction

Front 8

Some girls from our class play kickball daily

Back 8

Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain

Front 9

Energy goes up

Back 9

As you go to higher levels of electron shells

Front 10

Covalent bond

Back 10

The sharing of valence electrons

Front 11

Ionic bond

Back 11

♡The attraction of cations and anions to each other

♡A strong DRY bond but weakens as it hydrates

Front 12

Hydrogen bond

Back 12

♡Weak bond

♡The attraction of hydrogen atoms on one molecule to partially negative areas of another

Front 13

Acid

Back 13

♡Any molecule that ADDS H+ to a solution

♡pH < 7.0

Front 14

Base

Back 14

♡Any molecule that REMOVES H+ from a solution

♡Some directly do it by binding hydrogen ions and others indirectly by adding OH- which then makes water

♡pH > 7.0

Front 15

Buffer

Back 15

Can either donate or accept H+

Front 16

Van der Waals interactions

Back 16

♡Weak attractions that happen when atoms are very close together by fleeting charge differences

♡Collectively can be strong

Front 17

Non-polar Covalent bond

Back 17

Atoms share the electrons equally

Front 18

Polar covalent bond

Back 18

The atoms share the electrons unequally

Front 19

Electronegativity

Back 19

♡Pull of one atom on another

♡Oxygen and nitrogen are very strong so their presence is a sign of a polar bond

Front 20

Valence of elements

Back 20

♡Hydrogen: 1

♡Oxygen: 2

♡Nitrogen: 3

♡Carbon: 4

Front 21

Isomers

Back 21

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures AND properties

Front 22

Functional groups

Back 22

♡Are chemically reactive groups of atoms as part of an organic molecule

♡Are involved in chemical reactions by the molecule

♡Give organic molecules distinctive chemical properties

Front 23

Hydroxyl

Back 23

♡Symbol: -OH

♡Ending: OL

♡Compound name: Alcohol [e.g. ethanol]

Front 24

Carbonyl

Back 24

♡Symbol: -COH & -OC

♡Ending: AL

♡Compound name: Aldehyde [e.g. proponal] & Ketone

Front 25

Carboxyl

Back 25

♡Symbol: -COOH

♡Ending: Acid

♡Compound name: Acid [e.g. acetic acid]

Front 26

Amino

Back 26

♡Symbol: -NH2

♡Ending: Amine

♡Compound name: Amine [e.g. methylamine]

Front 27

Sulfhydryl

Back 27

♡Symbol: -SH

♡Ending: THIOL

♡Compound name: Thiol [e.g. methanethiol]

Front 28

Phosphate

Back 28

♡Symbol: -PO4

♡Ending: Phosphate

♡Compound name: Phosphate [e.g. ATP]

Front 29

Types of Macromolecules

Back 29

♡3 are polymers

1. Carbohydrates

2. Proteins

3. Nucleic Acids

♡1 is not

1. Lipids

Front 30

Carbohydrates

Back 30

♡Elements: C,H, O

♡Monomer: Monosaccharide (glucose)

♡Functional groups: carbonyl and hydroxyl

♡Macromolecule: Polysaccharide

♡Functions: Energy source and structural

♡Formed by: dehydration rx

♡Broken down by: hydrolysis rx

♡Ex: starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

Front 31

Sucrose

Back 31

Glucose and fructose

Front 32

Maltose

Back 32

Glucose and glucose

Front 33

Lactose

Back 33

Glucose and galactose

Front 34

Cellulose

Back 34

Held together by hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl groups attached to carbon atoms

Front 35

Phenylketonuria

Back 35

♡The enzyme hydroxylase turns phenylalanine into tyrosine which is peed out

♡People with PKU don't have this enzyme and so has a build up where phenylalanine builds up in the body

Front 36

Carbs-Fiber-Sugar=

Back 36

Starch

Front 37

Lipids

Back 37

♡Elements: C,H,O, and sometimes P

♡Functional group: carboxyl, phosphate, hydroxyl

♡Monomers: none

♡Macromolecules: fats, phospholipids, and steroids

♡Function: Energy storage

♡Formed by: dehydration rx

♡Broken down by: hydrolysis rx

♡Hydrophobic

Front 38

Fatty acid

Back 38

Long chain of hydrocarbon and a carboxyl group

Front 39

Fats

Back 39

Are made of 3 Fatty acids and glycerol

Front 40

Monounsaturated

Back 40

One double bond

Front 41

Polyunsaturated

Back 41

More than one double bond

Front 42

Saturated fatty acids

Back 42

♡Have the max number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds

♡Can pack close together

Front 43

Unsaturated fatty acids

Back 43

♡Have one or more double bonds

♡Can't pack close together because of kinks in tails

Front 44

Hydrogenated

Back 44

Unsaturated oils that have become saturated by adding H atoms

Front 45

Omega fatty acids

Back 45

Are unsaturated and their first double bond is on the bond corresponding to the number in their name

Front 46

Phospholipid

Back 46

♡2 fatty acids and glycerol and phosphate and organic group

♡Elements: C,H,O, & P

♡Membrane structure

Front 47

Steroids/Sterols

Back 47

♡Elements: CHO

♡Membrane structure, hormones