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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Antibiotics
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-inhibit growth of different types of bacteria
-penicillin 1928 -WWl-WWll |
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Vaccines
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-originated in India,china,turkey
-used for small pox |
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PKU
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-genetic disease, 1 in 25,000 babies affected
-affected individuals cannot use part of a protein, amino acid phenylalanine -untreated can cause mental retardation -treatment:special diet |
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Stem Cells
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-stem cells can become different cells such as
brain cells or blood cells -can be used to treat degenerative diseases (e.g. Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, Muscular dystrophy, Lou Gehrig disease ) |
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Ecology
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-study of our environment
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Eutrophication
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-excessive nutrients in a lake or other body of water
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Anoxia
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-The absence of oxygen, which is necessary to sustain most life. In aquatic ecosystems, this refers to the absence of dissolved oxygen in water
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Atoms
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-have protons and neutrons in the center
• surrounded by electrons • represented by one or two letters • C, carbon; O, oxygen; H, hydrogen |
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ionic bonds
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-table salt NaCl - sodium chloride
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Molecules
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-atoms held together by bonds
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covalent bonds
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- strong, shown by line between the
atoms oxygen that we breathe is O=O, or O2 carbon dioxide is O=C=O, or CO2 water is H-O-H, or H2O |
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hydrogen bonds
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- weak, shown by dotted lines
water is held together by hydrogen bonds between H and O of adjacent water molecules |
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surface tension
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The tangential force acting at the interface between a liquid and air (or, more correctly, its own vapor) caused by the difference in attraction between liquid molecules and gaseous molecules
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carbohydrate
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-storage and structure
• polymer of sugars • storage form of sugars, glycogen, starch • structures - chitin in animals and fungi, cellulose in plants |
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viscousity
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a measure of the resistance of a fluid which is being deformed by either shear stress or extensional stress
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protein
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• polymer of amino acids
• Enzymes are made of proteins. They are important in getting things done in cells like making or breaking down molecules. • some proteins carry molecules, like hemoglobin carries oxygen in blood • some proteins form structures to shape cells and your body like your tendons, skin • some proteins important for movement • some hormones are proteins, like insulin |
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waters heat capacity
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-ability to absorb heat
• even though weak, it takes energy to break hydrogen bonds • if all hydrogen bonds broken, it can escape as water vapor • why sweating helps us cool, sweat absorbs heat and evaporate • why coastal weather is more moderate |
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amino acid
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The basic building block of proteins and polypeptides. It contains a basic amino group, an acidic carboxyl group, and a side chain attached to an alpha carbon atom. Amino acids link together by peptide bonds to form proteins, or function as chemical messengers and as intermediates in metabolism.
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organic compound
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• contains C, carbon, a versatile atom
• way it bonds with itself makes a big difference • diamond or graphite • C can bond with one to four other atoms • CO, carbon monoxide • CO2, carbon dioxide • CH4, methane |
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DNA
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• polymer of nucleotides, A T G C held
together by covalent bonds • two chains of A, T, G and C held together by hydrogen bonds • the genetic material, carries information |
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polymer
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• Polymers are molecules made up of many
similar molecules or building blocks held together by covalent bonds • Many biological molecules are polymers • Carbohydrates CH2O sugar building blocks • Proteins amino acids building blocks • DNA nucleotide (ATGC) building blocks |
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Lipids
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• fatty or greasy material made of lipids
• sterol; cholesterol, vitamin D, sex hormones • hydrophobic, “water hating” • protect, waterproof, and lubricate • prevent hydrophilic “water loving” molecules from crossing • main component of cell membrane surrounding every cell |
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hydrophobic
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Having little or no affinity for water
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mitochondria
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-an organelle containing enzymes responsible for producing energy
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pH
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The PH value indicates the degree of alkalinity or acidity of the water. The pH scale ranges between 0 and 14. Water with a pH of 7 is neutral; a pH of less than 7 is acidic; a pH greater than 7 is alkaline. If the water has a pH of less than 4 the water may have a sour taste
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chloroplast
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-plastid containing chlorophyll and other pigments; in plants that carry out photosynthesis
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cell theory
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• All organisms are composed of cells
• All cells arise by division of pre-existing cells • Cells are the basic structural unit of individual organisms |
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lysosome
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-A membrane-bound sac within the cytoplasm of animal cells that contains enzymes responsible for the digestion of material in food vacuoles, the dissolution of foreign particles entering the cell and, on the death of the cell, the breaking down of all cell structures
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cell
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• surrounded by a lipid cell membrane
• arose by division of a pre-existing cell • have genetic material |
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ribosome
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-small particles found in a cell involved in the production of proteins by translating messenger RNA
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nucleus
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-The largest, most prominent organelle in eukaryotic cells; a round or oval body that is surrounded by the nuclear envelope and contains the genetic information necessary for control of cell structure and function.
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cell wall
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-A rigid boundary surrounding many prokaryotic, plant and fungal cells
-cellulose -helps with structure and protection |
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vacuole
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large organelle in plant cells that contains water, often having dissolved pigments, waste materials, or other substances
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microtubules
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-small tubes made of protein and found in cells
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virus
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• have genetic material
• cannot live without invading cells • cannot reproduce without use of cells • Uses host cell machinery to: • copy genetic material • incorporate genetic material • make viral proteins • make more virion |
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cell cycle
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-The cycle of cell growth, replication of the genetic material and nuclear and cytoplasmic division
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endocytosis
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-uptake of material into a cell by an invagination of the plasma membrane and its internalization in a membrane-bounded vesicle
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cancer progression
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• mutations in genes related to cell cycle
control • oncogenes - turned on • tumor suppressor genes - turned off • tumor -> malignant tumor -> metastasis |
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mitosis
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the process in cell division by which the nucleus divides, typically consisting of four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
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oncogene
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A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens
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chromosomes
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A threadlike strand of DNA that carries genes and transmits hereditary information. Each chromosome can contain hundreds or thousands of individual genes. The number of chromosomes in the normal human cell is 46 (23 pairs).
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tumor suppressor
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-A tumor suppressor gene or antioncogene is a gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer
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solar energy
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energy from the sun
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potential energy
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stored energy
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angiogenesis
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blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor
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ATP
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adenosine triphosphate: a nucleotide derived from adenosine that occurs in muscle tissue; the major source of energy for cellular reactions/respiration
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metastasis
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The process in which cancer cells migrate and spread from their original growth sites to new tissues, usually through the bloodstream or lymph system
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photosynthesis
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-co2+h20--->(sunlight) 02+glucose
-Convert carbon in carbon dioxide to glucose, a carbohydrate produce oxygen that we need to live -• Light-dependent reaction – uses energy from sunlight to make ATP and electron carriers • units of light are called photons • uses H2O and produces O2 • Light-independent or dark reaction – uses energy from ATP and electron carriers + CO2 and produces sugars |
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thermal energy
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energy from heat
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autotroph
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any organism that can synthesize its food from inorganic substances, using heat or light as a source of energy
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kinetic energy
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energy from movement
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respiration
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glucose+02--->co2+h20+ATP--->energy
• glycolysis, initial breakdown of glucose • for each glucose 2 ATP produced • occurs outside mitochondria • does not require O2 • mitochondrial steps • uses O2 • CO2 produced • ~36 ATP produced |
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anaerobic respiration
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• some organisms, like yeast and bacteria, can live in
the absence of O2 • must rely upon glycolysis to get energy • anaerobic bacteria can’t live in the presence of O2 • glucose is used to make ATP and • lactic acid or • ethanol and CO2 |
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DNA
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-Double-helix (2 helices running in opposite directions)
held together by hydrogen bonds - |
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ethanol
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A form of alcohol produced by yeast during fermentation
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RNA
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Abbreviation for ribonucleic acid, the molecule that carries out DNA’s instructions for making proteins. It consists of one long chain made up of nucleotides. There are three main types of RNA: messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA
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lactic acid
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the by-product of anaerobic exercise. Lactic acid is toxic to the cells and can only be tolerated in small amounts. It contributes to fatigue
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complementary base pairing
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A-T, C-G
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alcoholic fermentation
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• for each glucose, produces 2 ethanol and 2
CO2 • yeast produces beer and wine, ethanol • yeast bread, rise due to CO2 |
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transcription
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The process by which a gene's DNA sequence is copied into messenger RNA; the first step in gene expression
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genes
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- basic units of inheritance
- found on chromosomes - made up of DNA |
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translation
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-The process by which transcribed messenger RNA directs the synthesis of proteins from amino acids
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gel electrophoresis
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-separation of macromolecules on the basis of their rate of movement through a gel, under the influence of an electric field
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plasmid
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plasmid - small circular piece of DNA
with restriction enzyme sites |
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gene expression
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All of our cells (with a few exceptions)
• have the full set of genetic material • should be able to make a whole new individual |
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differentiate
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• Different cells are
different because • different cells turn on different genes • other genes are turned off |
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stem cells
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• can continue to divide and form more
undifferentiated stem cells • can differentiate into other cell types if given the right signal |
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bone marrow cells
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-bone marrow cells - can make blood cells,
such as red blood cells, white blood cells, immune cells, platelets, macrophages |
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cord blood
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-cord blood - contains stem cells that can
make blood cells |
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induced pluripotent stem cells
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- adult cells
manipulated to become stem cells |
