Bio Systems Test

Front 1

digestion

Back 1

the process of breaking down food into molecules that the body can use

Front 2

esophagus

Back 2

long tube that connects the mouth to the stomach; no digestion takes place here; acts as a descending escalator, moving food down to the stomach

Front 3

pharynx

Back 3

passage where back of throat triggers a swallowing reflex

Front 4

peristaltic contractions

Back 4

successive ryhthmic waves of smooth muscle contraction in the esophagus; move food toward stomach

Front 5

sphincter

Back 5

muscular valve that helps food enter the stomach; prevents acids from going back to esophagus

Front 6

Stomach

Back 6

saclike organ that stores food and machanically breaks down food and chemically unravels and breaks down proteins

Front 7

pepsin

Back 7

cuts single protein strands into smaller chains of amino acids. Only effective in acidic environment

Front 8

pancreas

Back 8

produces digestive enzymes and delivers them to the small intestines ducts

Front 9

small intestines

Back 9

coiled tubular organ about 6 m long that is continuos with stomach and functions mainly in digestions

Front 10

villi

Back 10

lining of the small intestines that is covered with fine fingerlike projections; increases the area available for absorption of nutrients

Front 11

large intestines

Back 11

colon is made of three relatively straight segments;mineral ions and water are absorbed through the wall of this

Front 12

liver

Back 12

presses upward against the diaphragm and occupies the upper right side of abdominal cavity; maintains proper levels of blood suger and it converts extra sugar into glycogen

Front 13

carbohydrates

Back 13

must be digested into simple sugars

Front 14

cellulose

Back 14

major part of fiber, but does not provide energy beacause of the lack of enzymes we have to digest them; stimulates the walls of digestive tract to secrete mucus

Front 15

glycogen

Back 15

broken down into glucose when body needs energy; rest becomes fatty tissue

Front 16

lipids

Back 16

organic compound that is insoluble in water; make steroid hormones and cell membranes to store energy

Front 17

skeletal muscle

Back 17

muscle that helps you to move

Front 18

cardiac muscle

Back 18

muscle that helps pump blood into and out of the heart

Front 19

smooth muscle

Back 19

contracts hollow organs

Front 20

bones

Back 20

individual parts of the skeleton; made up of bone tisue

Front 21

bone marrow

Back 21

thick jelly that makes blood cells

Front 22

cartilage

Back 22

supports stuctures; used as cushioning between bones to keep them from scraping together

Front 23

ligaments

Back 23

connective tissue whcih joins muscle tissue to the bone

Front 24

tendons

Back 24

connects muscle to the bones

Front 25

extensor and flexor

Back 25

your two opposing methods

Front 26

neuron

Back 26

conducts electrochemical impulses called nerve impulses or action potentials

Front 27

sensory neurons

Back 27

take care of the functions such as touch, odor, taste, sound, and vision

Front 28

motor neurons

Back 28

transmit impulses from the central nervous systm to muscles and gands

Front 29

axons

Back 29

grow out of the cell body and are sometimes huge in length; cytoplasmic extensions that impulses act on

Front 30

nerve impulses

Back 30

generated in short fibers called dendrites and brought to the cell body and then transferred to the axons to carry out away from the cell body

Front 31

synapse

Back 31

small gap in between neurons

Front 32

central nervous system

Back 32

made up of spinal cord and brain

Front 33

spinal cord

Back 33

uses sensory information from the peripheral nervous system to the brain, conducting motor info from the brain to different effectors such as skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, glands, and even a reflex center

Front 34

brain

Back 34

recieves sensory info from the spinal cord and conducts the necessary motor outputs

Front 35

perpheral nervous sstem

Back 35

sensory neurons running from receptors and motor neurons running from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands

Front 36

reflex reaction

Back 36

sudden involuntary reaction in repsonse to the stimulas

Front 37

celebrum

Back 37

perception, imagination, thought, judgement, and decisions are made here

Front 38

cerebellum

Back 38

located in the back of the brain well protected from trauma is involved in the motor functions like balance and muscle tone

Front 39

brain stem

Back 39

pathway for all the fibers from peripheral nerves and the spinal cord to the highest parts of the brain

Front 40

medulla oblongata

Back 40

sends nerve signals from the spinal cord to the brain

Front 41

circulatory system

Back 41

connects the muscles and organs of the body through an extensive system of blood vessels that transport blood, a mixture of a specialized cells and fluid.

Front 42

atria

Back 42

hold blood returning to the heart, empties it into the right and left ventricles

Front 43

pulmonary circulation

Back 43

short loop from the heart to the lungs and back again

Front 44

systematic circulation

Back 44

sends blood from the hear to all the other parts of our bodies and back again

Front 45

blood

Back 45

fluid that is pumped by the heart to other parts of the body

Front 46

red blood cells

Back 46

cells in blood that carry oxygen

Front 47

white blood cells

Back 47

cless whose primary job is to defend the body against disease

Front 48

plasma

Back 48

liquid portion of blood

Front 49

platelets

Back 49

blood clots to help stop bleeding

Front 50

capillary wall

Back 50

Red blood cells inside here release their waste and it then passes through the wall and into the red blood cells

Front 51

arteries

Back 51

pass oxygen rich blood to the capillaries which allow the exchange of gases within the tissue.

Front 52

veins

Back 52

capillaries pass their waste rich blood to the veins for transport back to the heart

Front 53

liver

Back 53

filter harmful substances from the blood and maintain a proper level

Front 54

detoxification

Back 54

take harmful substances out of the blood

Front 55

kidneys

Back 55

procces blood and sift it out to seperate waste from water

Front 56

respiratory system

Back 56

supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body

Front 57

nose

Back 57

air enters through the nose and is warmed, flitered, an passed through the navel caivty

Front 58

larynx

Back 58

hollow structure at the beginning of the trachea

Front 59

trachea

Back 59

windpipe; bony tube that connects the nose and mouth to the lungs

Front 60

lungs

Back 60

internal, baglike respiratory organ of a vertebrate that eables gas exchange between the air and the blood

Front 61

ventilation

Back 61

mechanics of breathing in and out