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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the functional unit of nerve syste?
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neuron
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affernt
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sensory neuron
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efferent
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motor neuron
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internuron
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between affernt and efferent
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dendrite
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receive stimuli and convert them into electrifcal impulse.
some dendrites are specialized to respond to specific stimuli such as light or heat |
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cell body
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contains nuclei and metabolic mashinery
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Axon
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transmit action potentials and nerve impulse
wrap in mylin sheath compose of Schwann cell in (PNS) and oligodendrocyte (CNS) glial cell produce mylin sheet (schwann cell and oligodendrocyte) |
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inc intensity of stimulus =
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inc action potential's frequency
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mylin sheath produced by?
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produced by glial cell
glial cell broke down into two -oligodendrocyte produce mylin in CNS -Schwann produce mylin in PNS |
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synaptic terminals
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secretes neurotransmitter into synaptic terminal in roder to stimulate postsynaptic nerve
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Presynptic cells
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transmit action potential to postsynptic cells
axon terminal |
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postsynptic cells
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receive neurotransmitter from the synptic
dendrite |
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acetylcholinesterase
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enzyme that inactivate actycoline which is a neurotransmitter.
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action potential
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impulse that travel the length of the axon in only one direction and cause neurotransmitter to be released at the axon terminal
all or none response -whenever the threshold membrane potential is reached an action potential with a consistant size and duration is produced |
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Resting potential
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due to Na/K pump
membrane potential is -70mV which means inside of the neuron is more negative than outside the difference is due to ionic permeability of the neuronal cell membrane and is maintained by active transport Na/K pump |
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Na/K pump
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transport 3 NA for every 2 K
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action potential
mechanism |
the threshold membrane potential is -50 mV
sodium channel opens membrane becomes depolarized -happens when stimuli is strong enough to excite cell beyond threshold Na gate opens rapidly and Na goes inside depolorization occur K gate opens slowly lag behind the action of Na channel |
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first steps that cause action potential to travel one direction
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1. mem at rest all gates are closed.(inside K>>Na, outside Na>>K)
the testing potential is created bc neuron is selectively permeable to K. So K diffuse down its concentration gradient leaving a net negative change inside. neuron is impermeable to Na |
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Second steps that cause action potential to travel one direction
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Membrane depolarize b/c Na gate is poen and K gate closed (3 Na is pumped inside for 2 K for each ATP
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Third steps that cause action potential to travel one direction
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Na gate close K gate open and membrane repolarize
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fourth steps that cause action potential to travel one direction
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K gate are closing slowly hypopolarization occur
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Nerve system
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periperal
central =brain and spinal cord |
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Periperal
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sensory
-afferent Motor -efferent |
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Motor
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somatic
-voluntary, skeletal muscle autonomic -involuntary, cardiac and smooth muscle -organs of the digestive, cardiovescular, urinary, and endocrine |
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Autonomic
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Sympathetic
-fight or flight -inc heart rate, BP -dec digestion -norepineprine (primary neuro transmitter) parasympathetic -rest and digest -acetylcholine (primary neurotransmitter) |
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norepineprine
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primary neurotransmitter of sympathetic ns
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acetylcholine
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primary neurotransmitter of parasympathetic ns
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Annelids
ex earthwarm |
primitive CNS
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Arthopods
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have CNS, brain similar to annelids but have more specialized sense organ are present
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Cnidaria (Coelenterates)
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have nerve net
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Protozoa (coelenterates)
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unicellular organism thus no organized nerve system.
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menings
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3개의막 brain 보호
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cerebrospinal fluid
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menings사이의공간과 brain내부의 공간을 채우는 fluid
absorb pressure or shock |
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Brain
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compose of grey matter(outside) and white matter
forebrain Midbrain hindbrain |
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Forebrain
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prosencephalon
의식적인 생각, 추리, 기억, 언어, 감각에 대한 지각과해석 cerebrum(telecephalon) thalamus (diencephalon) reticular sys hypothalamus(diencephalon) limbic sys |
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prosencephalon
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forebrain
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cerebrum
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telecephalon
heft and right cerebral hemisphere frontal lobe parietal lobe occipital lobe temporal lobe |
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telecephalon
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cerebrum
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cerebral cortex
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cerebrum바깥부분 구성
thin, 많은 신경세포들의 세포체와 수상돌기로 이루어저있다 감각과 운동에 관련 |
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frontal lobe
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part of cerebrum
의식적인 움직임 조절관여 speech 감각정보분류 |
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parietal lobe
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피부의 감각수용기로부터 감각을 받는 부분 (sensory cortex)
몸에 자세나 위치 감지하는 부위 speech taste reading |
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Occipital lobe
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part of cerebrum
vision association area |
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temporal lobe
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part of cerebrum
auditory association area smell hearing |
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corpus callosum
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connect left and right verebral hemisphere and info transfer
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left side of cerebrum
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언어중추, 논리와 수리능력
몸의 오른쪽에서 정보를 받는다 |
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right side of cerebrum
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상상력, 공간지각, 예술적 재능, 음악적제능
몸의 왠쪽에서 정보를 받는다 |
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broca's area
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언어력
in left hemisphere |
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wernicke's area
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hearing
단어뜻 해석 in left hemisphere |
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angulon gyrus
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reading
단어로 번역 in left hemisphere |
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Thalamus
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part of forebrain
relay and integration center for the spinal cord and cerebral cortex |
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hypothalamus
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part of forebrain
control visceral function -sex drive, water balance, blood pressure and temp reg nerve sys, endocrine sys and pituary gland 조절 |
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limbic system
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thalamus, hypothalmus
amygdala-자극돼면 분노, 언제돼면 우울 hippocampus 기억의 저장과 상기 |
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Mesencephalon
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midbrain
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midbrane
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mesencephalon
connect forebrain and hindbrain. 눈과귀로부터 sensory info받음,forebrain으로 가기전에 midbrain에서 먼저 분석 |
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rhombencephalon
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hindbrain
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hindbrain
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rhombencephalon
connected to spinal cord medulla oblongata cerebellum PONS |
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medulla oblongata
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part if hindbrain
heart rate, respiration rate, Blood pressure 조절 spinal cord와 forebrain사이의 전달은 모두 medulla oblongata를 통한다 |
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cerebellum
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movement and cordination
part of hindbrain |
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PONS
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part of hindbrain
help medulla oblongata |
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Spinal cord
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connects brain to PNS
grey matter inside white matter outside |
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spinal reflex
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뇌에 연락하지 않고 반사
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external ear
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pinna and
auditory cannal ear drum (tympanic membrane) |
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middle ear
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ear drum 의 진동을 cochlea에 전달
tympanic membrane and three bones of ossicles (amplify stimulus) -malleus (hammer) -incus (anvil) -staps(stapes) eustachion tuve |
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malleus
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bones of ossicles
hammer |
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incus
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bones of ossicles
anvil |
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staps
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stirrups
bones of ossiciles |
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eustachian tube
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귀외 목구멍 뒤부븐공기를 이동시키는 공기압력이 일정하도록 유지
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Inner ear
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cochlea and semicircular canals (organ of corti)
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cochela
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organ of corti 가 있다
vibration of ossicles exerts pressure on the fluid in cochlear, stimulating hair cell in the basal membrane to transduce pressure to action potential |
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소리의 반응순서
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소리의 진동 ->pinnea->auditory cannal->ear drum->hammer->anvil->stirrup->cochlea->organ of corti->basal membrane ->neuron 자극->hindbrain->cerebral cortex
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sclera
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cover eyeball
pupil의 모양 유지 눈을 움직이는 근육부축 |
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cornea
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bend and focus light
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choroid
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sclera안쪽에 있다
location of capillaries supply retina with blood iris 랑 연결 |
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Iris
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Pupil 의 크기조졸
response to the intensity of light |
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lense
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focus image onto retina
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Retina
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inner most layer of the eye
contain photoreceptor which transduce light into action potential |
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fovea
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center of visual field
important for high acuity vision area in retina where many cons (color vision) is located |
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시각 반응순서
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light->scarla->choroid->cornea->pupil->lense-> posterior chamber->retina->신경세포->hindbrain
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photoreceptor
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cones and rod
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cones
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photoreceptor that response to high intensity illuminent and are sensitive to color
3 different pigment absorb -red -green -blue |
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rod
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photoreceptor
detect low tensity illumination important to night vision rhodopsin, absorb single warelength |
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myopia
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nearsightness
image is focused infront of retina |
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pyperopia
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farsightness
image is socused behind theretina |
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astigmatism
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caused by an irregular haped cornea
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cataracts
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when lens become opaque(black)
blindness |
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glaucoma
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increae of pressure in the eye because of blocking of the outflow of the aqueous humor
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what protein complex is responsible for the resting potential (-70mV) of a neuron?
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the Na+, K- pump
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t/f
in the resting neuron, Na+ concentration is higher inside the cell than outside cell |
false
Na+ concentration is higher outside the resting potential |
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do Na+ rush into or out of the cell during depolarization?
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Na+ rush into a cell during depolarization
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do K+ ions rush into or out of cell during repolarization?
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K+ rush out of the cell
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t/f a neuron can conduct during the refractory period?
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false
the neuron is unable to respond to stimulusdruing the refractory period |
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what is hyperpolarization?
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hyperpolarization refers to a state where the potential across the membrane is more negative than resting potential
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what is saltatory conduction?
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saltatory conduction is the jumping of an action betweenthe unmyelinated node of ranvier
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what happens when an action potential reaches a synapse?
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when action potential reaches a synapse, the electrical signal cause the release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic membrane into the synapse
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what is the largest part of the human brain?
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the cerebral cortex
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what is the fuctionof the cerebral cortex?
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the cerebral cortex processes and integrates sensory input and motor response and controls memory
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which part of the brain controls autonomic activities?
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medula oblongata
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what are the four regions of the spinal cord?
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cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
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what are the component of the hindbrain?
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cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata
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