Bio Subject Test

Front 1

Growth Hormone

Back 1

A hormone released from the anterior pituitary gland, in childhood and adolescence it stimulates whole body growth

Front 2

Guard Cell

Back 2

Cells that regulate the opening and closing of stomata on plant leaves

Front 3

Hemoglobin

Back 3

The protein found in red blood cells that can bind oxygen

Front 4

Hormones

Back 4

Molecules produced by endocrine glands and released into the bloodstream

Front 5

Hydrochloric Acid

Back 5

The acid produced by the stomach to initiate breakdown of food

Front 6

Hydrotropism

Back 6

The movement of a plant toward water

Front 7

Hyperpolarization

Back 7

A change in membrane potential of a cell so that it becomes more negative on the inside with respect to the outside

Front 8

Hypodermis

Back 8

The deepest layer of skin, mostly made of fat tissue

Front 9

Hypothalamus

Back 9

Region in the brain that controls homeostasis, primarily through control of the pituitary gland

Front 10

Imprinting

Back 10

A behavior in which a young animal will recognize an object as "mother" if exposed to it during a critical time period shortly after birth

Front 11

Inferior vena cava

Back 11

one of two large veins that return deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium

Front 12

insight

Back 12

the ability to approach a new situation or problem and know how to deal with it

Front 13

instinct

Back 13

behaviour that is inborn in an organism

Front 14

insulin

Back 14

pancreatic hormone, decreases blood glucose levels by stimulating uptake of glucose by cells

Front 15

interneuron

Back 15

a neuron found only in the central nervous system that acts as a bridge between sensory neurons and motor neurons

Front 16

kidney

Back 16

organ that filters blood to produce urine, regulates blood pressure, regulates body water balance, and regulates ph balance

Front 17

left atrium

Back 17

chamber of the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins

Front 18

left ventricle

Back 18

chamber of the heart that pumps oxygenated blood through the aorta and out to the body

Front 19

LH

Back 19

luteinizing hormone, released by anterior pituitary gland, causes ovulation and development of a corpus luteum in females, release of testosterone in males

Front 20

ligaments

Back 20

somewhat elastic structures that connect bones to bones

Front 21

kidney

Back 21

organ that filters blood to produce urine, regulates blood pressure, regulates body water balance, and regulates ph balance

Front 22

left atrium

Back 22

chamber of the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins

Front 23

left ventricle

Back 23

chamber of the heart that pumps oxygenated blood through the aorta and out to the body

Front 24

LH

Back 24

luteinizing hormone, released by anterior pituitary gland, causes ovulation and development of a corpus luteum in females, release of testosterone in males

Front 25

ligaments

Back 25

somewhat elastic structures that connect bones to bones

Front 26

liver

Back 26

largest abdominal organ, produces bile for fat emulsification

Front 27

loop of henle

Back 27

the portion of the nephron that dips downward, involved in urine concentration

Front 28

lungs

Back 28

organs of respiration, contain aur tubes for ventilation and alveoli for gas exchange

Front 29

leutal phase

Back 29

the phase of the ovarian cycle dominated by the corpus luteum. day 15-28

Front 30

lymph node

Back 30

concentrated regions of white blood cells found along lymphatic vessels

Front 31

lymphatic system

Back 31

a system of vessels that runs along side the veins; it filters excess tissue fluid through lymph nodes

Front 32

Medula oblongata

Back 32

region of brain that controls respiratory rate, heart beat, blood pressure.

Front 33

Megaspores

Back 33

the "ovum" of a plant, cell that is fertilized by microspores in pollen

Front 34

Menstruation

Back 34

The phase of the uterine cycle during which the endometrium is shed off, day 15 to day 28

Front 35

mesoderm

Back 35

The primary germ layer that ultimately forms “middle level” structures, such as the heart, bones, blood vessels, muscle, and some abdominal organs

Front 36

Microspores

Back 36

“Sperm” of the plant, cells that fertilize the megaspores, produced by the anther of a flower

Front 37

mineralocorticoids

Back 37

hormones released by the adrenal cortex that help to regulate body ionic balance

Front 38

motor neuron

Back 38

a type of neuron that carries commands from the brain to various organs in the body

Front 39

mutualism

Back 39

a symbiotic relationship in which both members benefit from the association

Front 40

myelin sheath

Back 40

protective, insulating covering found on axons of most neurons, produced by schwann cells

Front 41

myofibril

Back 41

long fibrous structure inside a muscle cell, made up of sarcomeres laid end to end

Front 42

myosin

Back 42

a contractile protein found in muscle tissue; the "thick" filament

Front 43

Na+/K+ ATPase

Back 43

active transporter (ion pump) in plasma membranes of all cells, uses 1 ATP to pump 3 Na+ ions out, 2K+ ions in

Front 44

negative geotropism

Back 44

the growth of a plant away from the earth

Front 45

nephron

Back 45

the functional unit of the kidney, where urine production takes place

Front 46

nerve impulse

Back 46

an action potential that travels along the length of the axon

Front 47

neurons

Back 47

highly specialized cells of the nervous system, designed to propagate action potential

Front 48

neurotransmitter

Back 48

a chemical released at the axon terminal of a neuron (synapse) that can excite or inhibit the next neuron

Front 49

nodes of ranvier

Back 49

the gaps between schwann cells on myelinated axons

Front 50

norepinephrine

Back 50

a neurotransmitter released by the sympathetic nervous system to mediate the "fight or flight" response, chemically similar to epinephrine

Front 51

oocyte

Back 51

haploid cell in females that develops into an ovum

Front 52

ovarian cycle

Back 52

the 28 days of the menstrual cycle, as they apply to the ovaries specifically

Front 53

ovary

Back 53

female gonad, site where follicles containing oocytes develop

Front 54

ovulation

Back 54

the release of an oocyte from an ovary, occurs on or about day 14 of cycle

Front 55

ovule

Back 55

the structure inside the ovary of a flower that produces the megasporse

Front 56

ovum

Back 56

mature female gamete, haploid cell that is fertilized by sperm

Front 57

oxytocin

Back 57

hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland, causes contraction of reproductive smooth muscle, especially important in stimulating contractions of the uterus during childbirth

Front 58

pancreas

Back 58

abdominal organ, part of digestive and endocrine systems, produces many different enzymes for digestion

Front 59

parasitism

Back 59

symbiotic relationship, one member is helped by the association and the other member is harmed

Front 60

parasympathetic division

Back 60

division of the ANS that mediates "resting and digesting" response, tends to reduce body activity, heart rate, blood pressure

Front 61

parathormone

Back 61

hormone produced by the parathyroid glands

Front 62

parathyroid gland

Back 62

small gland on posterior side of thyroid gland in neck, produces parathormone

Front 63

peripheral nervous system

Back 63

portion of nervous system that is not brain and spinal cord, connects CNS with body organs

Front 64

peristalsis

Back 64

wavelike contractions of smooth muscle in hollow organs designed to move things along the tube

Front 65

pH

Back 65

a measure of hydrogen ion concentration (acidity) decreasing values indicate increasing acidity

Front 66

Pheromones

Back 66

chemicals released into the environment by one member of a species that can influence the behaviour of other members within that species

Front 67

phloem

Back 67

tissue in a plant involved in the transport of carbohydrates

Front 68

phototropism

Back 68

movement of a plant towards light

Front 69

pistil

Back 69

the female component of a plant, contains the stigma, style, ovule, and ovary

Front 70

plasma

Back 70

liquid portion of whole blood (50%) contains proteins, dissolved gases

Front 71

platelets

Back 71

small cells in the bloodstream that are important for blood clotting

Front 72

polarized

Back 72

a condition in which one side of a neuron membrane is positive and other side is negative

Front 73

pollen

Back 73

contains microspores of a flowering plant

Front 74

pollen tube

Back 74

a tube produced during germination of a flower, that grows downward through the style of the flower to meet up with the ovary

Front 75

positive geotropism

Back 75

the growth of a plant toward the earth

Front 76

posterior pituitary gland

Back 76

made out of nervous tissue, stores and secretes two hormones produced by the hypothalamus

Front 77

progesterone

Back 77

female sex hormone produced by the corpus luteum during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle

Front 78

proximal convoluted tubule

Back 78

fist part of nephron after bowmans capsule

Front 79

pulmonary artery

Back 79

blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle of heart to the lungs

Front 80

pulmonary vein

Back 80

blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

Front 81

red blood cells

Back 81

anucleate cells in the blood that are packed with hemoglobin and can carry oxygen around the body

Front 82

refractory period

Back 82

the short period of time after an action potential during which that region of the membrane is unable to fire a second action potential

Front 83

renal reabsorption

Back 83

the removal of a substance from the filtrate to return it to the bloodstream

Front 84

renal secretion

Back 84

the addition of a substance to the filtrate to remove it from the blood stream

Front 85

renin

Back 85

a substance secreted by the kidney when blood pressure decreases, initiates a series of reactions that lead to the production of angiotensin II

Front 86

repolarization

Back 86

a return to the normal resting polarized state after depolarization

Front 87

respiratory zone

Back 87

region of the respiratory system that includes the alveoli, where gas exchange takes place

Front 88

right atrium

Back 88

chamber of heart that receives deoxygenated blood from superior and inferior vena cava

Front 89

right ventricle

Back 89

chamber of heart that pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery

Front 90

roots

Back 90

portion of a plant that anchors it to the ground and takes up water and nutrients from the soil

Front 91

Saliva

Back 91

secreted by salivary glands into mouth, contains amylase to digest starch

Front 92

saltatory conduction

Back 92

impulse conduction down a myelinated axon, appears to jump from node to node

Front 93

sarcomere

Back 93

the functional unit of contraction in skeletal muscle

Front 94

schwann cells

Back 94

cells in the PNS that produce the myelin sheaths found on axons

Front 95

seasonal rhythm

Back 95

a pattern of activity that occurs on a seasonal basis

Front 96

semilunar valves

Back 96

heart valves found between the ventricles and arteries on both sides of heart

Front 97

seminiferous tubules

Back 97

small tubules in the testes where sperm production takes place

Front 98

sensory neuron

Back 98

a type of neuron that carries information about sensation to the CNS

Front 99

sieve tube cells

Back 99

cells in the phloem of a plant that transports carbohydrates

Front 100

skeletal muscle

Back 100

muscle tissue attached to bones under conscious, voluntary control

Front 101

small intestine

Back 101

longest part of the alimentary canal where most digestion and absorption takes place

Front 102

smooth muscle

Back 102

muscle tissue found in the walls of all hollow organs

Front 103

somatic nervous system

Back 103

the branch of the ANS that deals with voluntary contraction of skeletal muscles

Front 104

sperm

Back 104

mature male gamete, haploid cell that fertilizes an ovum

Front 105

spinal cord

Back 105

portion of the CNS that deals primarily with reflex activity

Front 106

stamen

Back 106

male component of a plant, consists of the anther and the filament

Front 107

stigma

Back 107

part of the female component of a plant, sticky to attract pollen

Front 108

stomach

Back 108

the portion of the alimentary canal in which food is stored and ground

Front 109

stomate

Back 109

openings on the underside of a leaf that allow gases in and out

Front 110

style

Back 110

part of the female component of a plant, it is a tube that connects the stigma to the ovary

Front 111

superior vena cava

Back 111

one of two large veins that return deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium

Front 112

symbiosis

Back 112

a close relationship between two different species

Front 113

sympathetic division

Back 113

the division of the autonomic nervous system that mediates the "fight or flight" response, increases heart rate, blood pressure

Front 114

synapse

Back 114

a neuron to neuron or neuron to organ junction

Front 115

t-cells

Back 115

cells of the immune system that help to eliminate infection, especially by a virus

Front 116

tendons

Back 116

elastic structures that connect muscles to bones

Front 117

testes

Back 117

male gonads, site of spermatogenesis and testosterone production

Front 118

testosterone

Back 118

primary male sex hormone, stimulates the production of sperm, maintains male secondary sex characteristics

Front 119

thoracic cavity

Back 119

anterior body cavity enclosed by the ribs, bounded by the neck superiorly and the diaphragm inferiorly

Front 120

threshold potential

Back 120

the potential at which voltage gated ion channels open

Front 121

thyroid gland

Back 121

endocrine gland in the anterior neck, secretes thyroxin and calcitonin

Front 122

thyroxin

Back 122

hormone released from the thyroid gland, increses body metabolism

Front 123

trachea

Back 123

largest tube leading into the respiratory system

Front 124

tracheids

Back 124

cells in the xylem of a plant that transports water

Front 125

TSH

Back 125

thyroid stimulating hormone, released by anterior pituitary, stimulates thyroid to release thyroxin

Front 126

ureters

Back 126

the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder

Front 127

urethra

Back 127

tube that carries urine from bladder to outside of body

Front 128

uterine cycle

Back 128

the 28 days of the menstrual cycle, as they apply to the uterus specifically

Front 129

uterus

Back 129

female organ that sustains a pregnancy

Front 130

vasa recta

Back 130

the network of blood vessels that surrounds the nephron

Front 131

vitamin A

Back 131

necessary for production of retinal, a chemical involved in vision

Front 132

vitamin C

Back 132

necessary for production of collagen, a necessary tissue fiber

Front 133

vitamin D

Back 133

necessary for absorption of calcium from the diet

Front 134

vitamin K

Back 134

necessary for blood clotting

Front 135

vitamins B

Back 135

group of vitamins necessary for several body functions, especially rapid cell division

Front 136

White blood cells

Back 136

leukocytes, cells in the blood that are involved in disease defence

Front 137

xylem

Back 137

the plant tissue involved in the transport of water

Front 138

yolk sac

Back 138

provides food for the chick embryo, site of red blood cell production in human embryo

Front 139

zygote

Back 139

diploid cell formed by the fusion of an ovum and a sperm

Front 140

Action potential

Back 140

localized change in the membrane potential that can travel along axon

Front 141

adrenal cortex

Back 141

gland on outer layer of adrenal gland, produces steroids

Front 142

adrenal medulla

Back 142

inner gland, produces adrenaline

Front 143

alimentary canal

Back 143

muscular tube of the digestive tract from mouth to anus

Front 144

allantois

Back 144

extra embryonic membrane ends up forming umbilical cord

Front 145

alveolus

Back 145

portion of respiratory system where gas exchange occurs

Front 146

amnion

Back 146

fluid filled embryonic membrane that surrounds uterus

Front 147

amylase

Back 147

enzyme in mouth and pancreas designed to digest starch

Front 148

anemia

Back 148

reduced ability of blood cells to carry oxygen

Front 149

angiotensin II

Back 149

strong vaso-constrictor produced by renin when blood pressure falls

Front 150

anterior pituitary gland

Back 150

made out of glandular tissue, produces 6 hormones, acth, growth, prolactn, fsh, lh, tsh

Front 151

anther

Back 151

plants production of pollen

Front 152

antidiuretic hormone

Back 152

produced by posterior pituitary gland, increases reabsorption of water

Front 153

aorta

Back 153

directly connected to left ventricle carrying oxygenated blood

Front 154

antrioventricular valves

Back 154

heart valve found on both sides of heart

Front 155

autonomic nervous system

Back 155

branch of nervous system that controls involuntary activities

Front 156

auxins

Back 156

plant hormones

Front 157

axon

Back 157

filament carries action potential away from body

Front 158

b cells

Back 158

cells of immune system, produces antibodies to help protect health

Front 159

bile

Back 159

liquid produced by liver and gall bladder released in duodenum

Front 160

blastula

Back 160

stage of embryonic development, zygotes appear as hollow ball of cells

Front 161

bowman's capsule

Back 161

glomerulus, first part of nephron

Front 162

calcitonin

Back 162

hormone released by thyroid gland reduces calcium in blood

Front 163

cardiac muscle

Back 163

muscle tissue found in the heart, involuntary control

Front 164

capillaries

Back 164

smalles blood vessels in body, site of exchange between blood and body tissue

Front 165

cartilage

Back 165

substance found in skeletal system, shock absorber for bones