Bio Subject Test 1 And 2 "genetics"

Front 1

female and male

Back 1

XX and XY (male)

Front 2

Mendel's Laws

Back 2

the Law of dominance
the Law of segregation
the Law of independent assortment

Front 3

the law of dominance

Back 3

dominent trait expressed
and recessive trait is hidden

Front 4

the law of segregation

Back 4

"during meiosis homologus chromosome seperate (anaphase I)"

two allele for each inherted trait(one from mom and one frm dad). located on seperate but homologus chromosome


during meiosis (anaphase) allele segregate thus gamate only carry one allele.

Front 5

the law of independent assortment

Back 5

each allel has equap probability(50% chance)

process of random segregation and assortment of chromosomes during gametogenesis to produce genetically unique gametes. Independent assortment occurs during meiosis I in eukaryotic organisms, specifically anaphase I of meiosis,[1] to produce a gamete with a mixture of the organism's maternal and paternal chromosomes.

Front 6

9:3:3:1 PHENOTYPE

Back 6

T and P two trait are on seperate chromosome and not linked

TtPp X TtPp =9:3:3:1


as long as genes are on seperate chromosome and assorted independently during meiosis you will get 9:3:3:1 phenotype

Front 7

3:1 phenotype rate

Back 7

if two trait T and P is linked
upon self cross you will bet 3:1

TtPp X TtPp = 3:1 like monohybrid

Front 8

autosomal recessive inheritance

Back 8

autosomal means it affects both male and female

recessive is indicated by trait skip generations

Front 9

autosomal dominant inheritance

Back 9

dominant trait cannot skip generation because they are always expressed

Front 10

x-linked or
sex linked recessive inheritance

Back 10

x-linkedtraits generally affect more males than females

no male to male transmission since its X chromosome diesese.

ex. color blindness and hemophilia

Front 11

Blood Type

Back 11

codominnace

A
-Anti-B antibody
-A antigen (on the blood cell)

B-anti A antibody
B antigen

AB
-no antibody
-A and B antigen

O
-anti A and B antibody
-no antigen

Front 12

antibody

Back 12

Y shape

immunoglobulin is a large Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a specific target, which is called an antigen

Front 13

non-mendalian inheritance pattern

Back 13

incomplete dominance
-some progeny phenotypes are apparently blends of the parental phenotype

codominance

Front 14

Hardy Heinberg condition

five

Back 14

1. randome mating
2. no natural selection
3. no migration aor emigration
4. large population
5. No mutation

Front 15

Hardy Weinberg equation

Back 15

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
p + q = 1

p=frequency of dominant allele

q=frequency of recessive allele

p2=frequency of homozygous dominant individual within the general pop

2pq = frequency of heterozygous individuals within the population

q2=frequency of homozygous recessive individuals within a population

Front 16

gene pool

Back 16

sum total of all the alleles for any given trait

Front 17

gene frequency

Back 17

represents the presence of an allele for all members of a opoulation that have particular trait

p+q=1

Front 18

hemophillia

Back 18

혈우병, sex linked
혈액이 응고

Front 19

test cross

Back 19

aa X A()

but to find out A(a)both aa or Aa works

Front 20

Genetic varience in bacteria

Back 20

transformation
cojugation
transduction

Front 21

transformation

Back 21

cause genetic varience in bacteria, which reproduce by binary fission (asexual)

foregin chromosome fragment(plasmid) is incorporated into the bacterial chromosome via recombination

Front 22

conjugaton

Back 22

cause genetic varience in bacteria, which reproduce by binary fission (asexual)

like sexual mating in bacteria
transfer of genetic material btw two bacteria that are temporarily joined

Front 23

transduction

Back 23

cause genetic varience in bacteria, which reproduce by binary fission (asexual)

occurs when fragments of the bacterial chromosome accidentally become packaged into viral progeny producd during viral infection then the baceal DNA from old host is introduced into new host and combination of bacterial DNA

involve bacteriophage

Front 24

bacteriophage

Back 24

virus that infects its host bacterium by attaching to it, make a hole in the bacteria cell wall and inject its DNA

Front 25

lytic cycle

Back 25

the phage (virus) DNA takes control of the bacterium's genetic machinery.
bacterial cell then lyse and release new virions which infects other bacteria

Front 26

lysogenic cycle

Back 26

phage (virus) DNA integrated into the bacterial genome in harmless frm (provirus) and lying dormant for one or more generation.

Provirus can reemerge ad enter lytic cycle

Front 27

how many genetically different gametes can be formed by mouse that is genotypically AABbCc (assume no linkage betwee these genes and that non are lethal)

Back 27

use fornuma 2^n where n is number of heterozygous gene.

thus 2^2= 4