Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Ratio of Carbohydrate
|
CHO
1:2:1 ration most 1,4 linkage |
|
|
|
maltose
|
Glucose+Glucose
|
|
|
|
lactose
|
Glucose+galactose
|
gaLACtose
|
|
|
Sucrose
|
Glucose+Fructose
|
FRUctose
|
|
|
what is Protein?
|
a.a join by the peptide bond (amide linkage) HO-H 이 빠진다.(dehydraton) thus C-N bond
must adapt tertiary structure (determine by primary structure) to be functional. |
what is peptide bond
|
|
|
Hormone
example? |
chemical messenger
insulin and ACTH lipid hormone-diffuse easily through membrane peptide hormome (ligand)-can diffuse through membrane thus must use cAMP. |
|
|
|
lipid derivatives
example |
phospholipid, waxes, steriod (cholesterol, sex hormones, corticosteroids), carotenoid, porphyrins
|
|
|
|
peptide bond
|
linkage of amino acid
amide 결합 dehydration |
|
|
|
Protein "Primary structre"
|
한가닥의 polypeptide 사슬
a.a 서열 순서를 알수있다 tertiary structure를 결정 "for a single polypeptide protein to be functional , it must adapt a tertiay function" a.a모여서 protein 을 만든다 |
|
|
|
secondary protein
|
alpha helix, beta plate
peptide 사슬내의 amide 결합위 기본구조가 유지, peptide 사슬간 또는 분자 내에서 이루어지는 H-bond 결과로 형성돼는 3차원 구조 |
|
|
|
tertiary protein
|
determined by primary (a.a sequence)structure
vander walls, H bond, covalent bond, ionic bond 된 3차구조 "for a single polypeptide protein to be functional , it must adapt a tertiay function" |
|
|
|
4th protein
|
2개이상의 subunit 에 해당돼는 polypeptide 가 수소결합으로 연결
not always happen ex. collagen, hemoglobin |
|
|
|
albumins and globulin
|
carrier protein or enzyme
|
|
|
|
scleroproteins
|
structural protein
collagen |
|
|
|
conjugated proteins
|
contain a simple protein portion and at least one nonprotein fraction
|
|
|
|
lipoprotein
|
protein bound to lipid
|
|
|
|
mucoprotein
|
protein bound to carbohydrate
|
|
|
|
chromoproteins
|
protein bound to pigmented molecules
|
|
|
|
metalloproteins
|
protein complexed around a metal ion
|
|
|
|
nucleoproteins
|
protein containing histone or protamine bound to nucleic acid
|
|
|
|
protein fuction
|
hormone, enzyme, structural protein, transport protein, antibodies
|
|
|
|
enzyme
|
catalyst affect the rate of chemical rxn by lowering activation energy
regulate metabolism by speeding up or down does not used up very selective; they may catalyze only one rxn enzyme rxn is reversible |
|
|
|
lock and key
|
enzymes' active site is exectly complementary to the spatial structure of its substrate.
|
|
|
|
temperature and enzyme
|
temperature inc= enzyme inc
until opt temp is reached (40) |
|
|
|
bonds in nucleic acid
|
glycosidic bond
phosphodiester bond |
|
|
|
glycosidic bond
|
base and sugar in nuleic acid
|
|
|
|
phosphodiester bond
|
phosphorus and sugar
|
|
|
|
ph and enzyme
|
maximum ph except for pepsin
pepsin only works at Ph =2 usually PH 7 is optimal |
|
|
|
example of unicellular
cell division |
reproduction
|
|
|
|
example of multicellular
cell division |
growth, development, replacement of wornout cell
|
|
|
|
what is karyokinesis
|
nuclear division
|
|
|
|
what is cytokineisis
|
cell division
|
|
|
|
which one comes first?
karyokinesis or cytokinesis |
karyokinesis is followed by cytokinesis
|
|
|
|
What happens when size of cell inc?
|
the ration of cells surface area to its volume dec.
|
|
|
|
describe fluid mosaic model
|
states that the plasma membrane consist of phospholipid bilayer
lipid bilayer are in constant motion w/ plane of membrane fluidity allows ion and small molecule to diffuse directly across cell larger moledule is moved by carrier molecule |
|
|
|
Prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes
cell respiration |
Pro: directly at cell membrane
euk: occurs across the mitochondiral membrane |
|
|
|
Pro vs euk
nucleus |
pro: no nuclear memb
euk: have nuclear memb |
|
|
|
Pro vs euk
genetic material |
pro: single circular DNA in nucleoid regin, no histone and no intron (non coding area)
euk: linear DNA, highly coiled, have intron |
|
|
|
Pro vs euk
plasmid |
pro: plasmid consist of few genes
euk: no plasmid |
|
|
|
Pro vs euk
cell wall |
pro: peptidoglycan
euk; in plant cellulose |
|
|
|
pro vs euk
RNA processing |
pro: simple RNA splicing w/o splicing
euk: post transcriptional RNA modification (splicing, 5 cap, poly A tail) |
|
|
|
pro vs euk
location of transcription and translation |
pro: in cytosol
euk: transcript= nucleus translation= cytosol |
|
|
|
pro vs euk
cell division |
pro: binary fission (asexual)
euk: mitosis and meiosis (sexual) |
|
|
|
pro vs euk
membranous model |
pro: none
euk: nucleus, mito, ER, golgi, lyso and peroxisomes |
|
|
|
Pro vs euk
ribosomes |
pro: ribosome 50+30 (small)
euk: ribosome 60+40 (large) |
|
|
|
pro vs euk
cytoskeleton |
pro: no
euk; yes |
|
|
|
pro vs euk
centrioles |
pro: no
euk: yes |
|
|
|
pro vs euk
flagella |
pro: differ in structure from eukaryotes
euk:yes |
|
|
|
pro vs euk
sites of ATP synthesis |
pro: at plasma membrane
euk: mitochondria |
|
|
|
pro vs euk
sites of respiration |
pro: cell membrane
euk: require respiratory sys |
|
|
|
plasma membrane
Permeability |
fluid mosaic model
reg. fludity of memb by adjusting theamt of unsaturated hydrocarbon animal cell regulate fludity by adjusting amount of cholestrol small nonpolar :readily permeable small charged: protein channel large charged: carrier protein |
|
|
|
unsaturated vs saturated hydrocarbon
|
unsaturated hydrocarbonare bent thus do not pack closely as saturated hydrocarbon tail
|
|
|
|
Mitochondria
|
membrane bound
double layer(inner/outer) contain their own circular DNA function semi autonomously capable of produce some protein (genome and ribosome of mito similar to prok than euk |
|
|
|
speculation about mito
example of endosymbiotic hypothesis |
mito believed to have developed from early prokaryotic cells that began a symbiotic relationship with ancestorial euk
mito provide energy and host cell provide nutrients |
|
|
|
Ribosome
-bound Ribo (w/ER) = rough ER -free ribo |
compose of rRNA and protein
Protein synthesis(2 sub unit) -small (mRNA 결합) -large (tRNA 결합) free ribo synthesize protein for cytoplasm protein destined for insertion into mem or secretion outside of the cell = synthesize by rough ER` |
|
|
|
ER
endoplasmic reticulum -rough -smooth |
membrane bound
transport protein around the cell smooth ER:lipid syn, detox Rough ER: protein syn |
|
|
|
Smooth ER
|
no ribo on its surface and is involved in lipid synthesis and the detoxification of durg and poison
|
|
|
|
Rough ER
|
proteins found within membrane or secreted by the cell are made by ribo on RER.
RER (pro) -> lumin RER -> vesicles (pro) ->Golgi |
|
|
|
Golgi Apparatus
|
memb. bound
located btw RER and membrane protein from RER are modified and sorted based on their destination CIS face = entrance Trans face = exit syn lysosome |
|
|
|
lysosome
|
membrane bound
hydrolasis tay-sacs diease breakdown protein, carbohydrates, nucleic acid maintain Ph 5 inside in unicellular, lysosome is essential to the digestion of good particle multi cell, lyso degrade forein particle such as bacteria and damaged cells |
|
|
|
Peroxisome
|
memb bound
breaks down fat used in liver to dotoxify ex alcohol peroxides harzadous to the cell if present in cytoplasm-alter DNA |
|
|
|
vacuoles
food, contractile, central |
food vac
contractile vac = 여분의물배출 central vac = 세포의 해가될수있는 물질대사 분산물의 처문장소 "휴지통" |
|
|
|
polysome
|
group of ribosomes making lots of the same polypeptides
|
|
|
|
unique characteristics of
Plant cells |
no centriole
cellulose cell wall (no cell wall in animal cell) chorolast many vacuoles no lysosome |
|
|
|
Diffusion
-P/A -energy -type of molecule transported -con. gradient |
passive
No energy required small nonpolar High -> low CO2, O2 |
|
|
|
Osmosis
-P/A -energy -type of molecule transported -con. gradient |
Passive
no energy required H2O Low -> high (solute conc) High ->low (H20) osmosis is describe in terms of cell. hypotonic (inside cell has low water than outside surrounding) thus water from outside rush in and cell lyse hypertonic (inside cell has higer water conc than outside) thus water goes out and cell shrink |
|
|
|
hypotonic (osmosis)
|
cell has less water conc than outside
thus water from outside rush in and cell lyse in term's of envirnment, envirnment is hypotonic to cell (solute 이 hypo적다 tonic물 바깠envirnment가) cell is hypertonic to the envirnment |
|
|
|
hypertonic (osmosis)
|
cell inside has higher water conc than outside thus water push out and cell shrink
in term's of envirnment, envirnment is hypertonic to cell (solute 이 hypera많다 tonic물 바깠envirnment가) cell is hypotonic to the envirnment |
|
|
|
facilitate diffusion
-P/A -energy -type of molecule transported -con. gradient |
passive
no energy required channel or carrier protein |
|
|
|
Active transport
-P/A -energy -type of molecule transported -con. gradient |
active
need energy in ATP large molecule or ion low -> high ex. NA/K pump in neuron |
|
|
|
endocytosis
-phago / pino -P/A -energy -type of molecule transported -con. gradient |
engulf
yes need energy extremly large L -> H phagocytosis (cell eating) pinocytosis (drinking) |
|
|
|
exocytosis
|
Expel
active yes need energy extremely large L -> H |
|
|
|
nucleus
|
memb bound
contain DNA RNA double layer (inner/outer) nucleolus: (no membrame)ribosome synthesis by produce rRNA and produce ribosome nuclear pore regulate large molecule |
|
|
|
What is Acetylcholinesterase in a synapse?
|
inactivates the nuerotransmitter acylcholine
|
|
|
|
Concentration of substrate and enzyme
|
given a limited concentration of enzyme, the rate of the reaction will level off even if more substrate is add
example bank teller and people waiting in line |
|
|
|
Where dose enzyme action take place?
|
at the active site
|
|
|
|
example of organic compound
|
contain carbon
carbohydrate, lipids, protein and nucleic acid |
|
|
|
glucose and glycogen store ()in animal
|
energy
|
|
|
|
() store energy in plants
|
starch
|
|
|
|
catabolic reaction
|
break down large molecule (glucose to co2) and produce energy
|
|
|
|
anabolic reaction
|
build up large molecule (sugar from co2) and require energy
|
|
|
|
absorption
|
absorbed molecules pass thru cells lining the digestive tract by diffusion or active transport
|
|
|
|
digestion
|
converting food into usable soluble form so that it can pass through membranes
|
|
|
|
assimilation
|
the build up of new tissues from digested food
|
|
|
|
regulation
|
control of physiological activities. maintain its internal environment in a changing external environment (homeostasis)
|
|
|
|
lipid purpose??
|
chief means of enegy
release more energy per gram weight than any other class of biological compunds. also provide insulation and protection |
|
|
|
lipid
|
3 fatty acid and 1 glycerol
(by dehydration) do not form polymer |
|
|
|
steroid have ()fused cyclohexane rings and ()fused cyclopentane ring
|
three
one |
|
|
|
lipid derivitive
|
phospholipid
waxes steriod carotenoids porphyrin |
|
|
|
lecithin
|
type of phospholipids
major constituents of cell membrane |
|
|
|
cephalin
|
type of phospholipids
found in brain, nerve, and neural tissue |
|
|
|
carotinoids
|
fatty acid like carbon chain containing conjugated double bonds carrying six membered carbon rings at ech end. this compounds are the pigments that produce red, yellow, orange, and brown color in plans and animals
two subgroup are carotene and xanthophyll |
|
|
|
carotenes
|
subgroup of caroteniods(which is lipid derivitives)
is an orange pigment that is the precursor of vitamin A |
|
|
|
xanthophlls
|
subgroup of caroteniods(which is lipid derivitves)
|
|
|
|
porphyrins
|
four joined pyrrole rings
porphyrins is lipid derivities |
|
|
|
polypetide
|
polymer of protein
|
|
|
|
Na-/K+ ATPase
|
move three sodium ion out for every 2 pottasium ions it lets into the cell
|
|
|
|
the contractile vacoule of euglena decrease its rate of contraction when the organism i transfered from fresh water to sea water because?
|
increase in osmatic pressure of the envirnment
when water is moving toward the envirnment, then inc is osmatic pressure in envirnment |
|
|
|
in salt water, the solute concentration is greater outside the cell thus osmatic pressure inside the cell is ()
|
increased
|
|
|
|
steroids
|
belong to class of lipid derived molecule with a characteristic ring structure,
steroid (lipid) hormones pass through the cell membrane with ease because they are lipid soluble ex cholestrol, vitamin D, testosterone, cortisol |
|
|
|
gluscose yeild how many calories per gram?
|
4 calories / gram
|
|
|
|
protein yeild how many calories per gram?
|
4 calories per gram
|
|
|
|
fat yield how many calories per gram
|
9 calores per gram
|
|
|
|
wat is PGAL
|
it is considered the prime end product of photosynthesis and it can be used as an immediate food nutrient,
it can combined and rearranged to form monosaccharide sugars, such as glucose which can be transported to other cells or packaged for storage as insoluble polysaccarides such as starch |
|
|
|
chloroplast are thought to have descended form free living () that first invvaded cell and over time developed a symbiotic relationsip with host cell
|
prokaryotic autotrophs
|
|
|
|
mitochondria are thought to have evolved from ()
|
free living prokaryotic heterotrhophs
|
|
|
|
red algae
|
are eukaryotic autotrophs that have chloroplst similar to toher algae
|
|
|
|
one can distinguish btw bacterium and a virus by the presence or absence of ??
|
ribosome
ribo is organelle that is needed to synthesize protein, virus dose not have any organelle. virus and bacteria both don't have nuclear membrane but both have protein, adenine |
|
|
|
kinase
|
enzyme that catalyze the phosphorylation of organic molecul
|
|
|
|
lipase
|
enzyme that cleaves the bonds of lipid
|
|
|
|
amylase
|
enzyme that hydrolyzes starch to maltose
|
|
|
|
protease
|
enzyme that break dow protein
|
|
