Bio & Society - Test 1

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Human Dimensions of Biology (4)

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1. Human and Nature of Science
2. Science in Society
3. Humans as Bio-Social Beings
4. Putting Humans into Nature

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Concept "biology" was coined by what two scientists?

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Lamarck and Treviranus

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Who was the "father or modern anthropology"?

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Johann Christian Blumenbach

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What did Larack's theory on evolution?

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It stated that evolutionary progression was due to the process of use - like the giraffe's neck evolved to be so long because it needed to eat leaves from a tree

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naturalistic fallacy

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the attitude that whatever is natural is good - what nature creates is better than man-made

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What is the #1 cause of deforestation?

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agriculture

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Explain what Blumenbach was known for:

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separated the human species into five races after discovering the malay race in the south seas -

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De Generis Humani Varietate Natura (thesis by Blumenbach)

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Concept of human races:
1) explanation of human diversity
2) classification of human varieties

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eugenics

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the idea to apply science, especially genetics, to the "betterment" of society ---> means "good in birth"

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Who coined the term "eugenics" in their book Hereditary Genius?

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Francis Galton

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Genetic counseling

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evaluating traits in family history, making sure that you don't have any undesirable traits that could be passed on to baby

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Genetic history of Homo sapiens and Neanderthals

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1) Both share many alleles
2) We can now identify varients that separate us from Neanderthals
3) Interbred in Europe - share 1-4% of genetic variation that is not found in Africans

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Environmental Determinism thesis

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Says that specific details of the local environments have a major impact in shaping the course of human history - especially in determining the distribution of "have" and "have-nots"

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Diamond's thesis

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States that environmental factors are the ultimate causes for differences in human history

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Ernst Mayr

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invented the modern philosophy of biology, particularly the part related to evolutionary biology

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Proximate vs Ultimate causes:

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Proximate answers immediate "how"?

Ultimate answers "why"?

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Alfred Crosby

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Europeans were the first to biologically influence the world - brought animals to america, pathogens, and weeds (thrived due to different climate)

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Consequences of variation:

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1) adaptation
2) evolution through natural selection
3) Local optima (optimal fitness in a specific area)

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Disease Pool

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the infectious diseases of a specific area to which local populations adapt

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First Transition of History of Diseases

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Development of disease pools

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Second Transition of History of Diseases

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Population growth, trade, migration and conquests -Merging of Disease Pools (Eurasia)

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Alexander von Humboldt

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Founder of Biogeography and of physical geography

- discovered that plant species on diff. continents and elevations were diff. in Europe than in S. America (darwin imitated him)

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Charles Lyell

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Priciples of GEOLOGY

The same processes that can be observed today, were responsible for events in the geological history of the earth

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uniformitarianism

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Lyell

Everything that is now, is the same as it has ever been since the universe was created

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actualism

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The philosophy that there are different possibilities, but one actual world

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Essence (vs variation)

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for a specific entity there is a set of characteristics or properties that does not change

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Positivism

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a theory that theology and metaphysics are earlier imperfect modes of knowledge and that positive knowledge is based on natural phenomena and their properties and relations as verified by the empirical sciences

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materialism

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the only thing that exists is matter; that all things are composed of material and all phenomena (including consciousness) are the result of material interactions

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monism

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there is unity in a given field of inquiry, where this is not to be expected - i.e. the universe is really just one thing, despite its many appearances and diversities

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mechanism

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a theory that all natural phenomena can be explained by physical causes

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Scopes Monkey Trial

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John Scopes was charged with violating Tennessee law against the teaching of evolution in school - he challenged the law and was fired

1st trial brought to light on radio

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wedge strategy

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argument against the theory of evolution

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ancient earth thesis

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earth is about 4.5 billion years old

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progress thesis

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life started from simple forms

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neutral theory of evolution

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most of the genetic variation in populations is the result of mutation and genetic drift and not selection.

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August Weismann's contribution:

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Argued against soft inheritance - one of the main problems of Darwins theory

Introduced the idea of the continuity of germ-plasm

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Major transitions in evolution

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1.origins of life
2. origins of cells
3. multicellularity
4. origins of social groups and colonies/superorganisms
5. Origin of language

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Analytic biology

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understand the components of living systems and describe the behavior (experimental and theo. approach)

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Synthetic biology

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a merger of analytic biology with engineering methods

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Principles of Evolutionary Psychology

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1. adaptive functions of behavior
2. natural selection as an important mechanism
3. relevant environment of Pleistocene hunter-gathers

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Dualism

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Body as a machine vs. the soul

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The concept of inclusive fitness

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idea of an altruistic gene, one's own fitness is put second behind the fitness of the group

c>b*r

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Applications of Evolutionary (Darwinian) Medicine

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1. Infectious disease: Arms race, co-evolution, resistance, virulence
2. Nutrition and development: "Thrifty phenotype" and obesity
3. Cancer: conflicts between units of selection

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New Castle Virus Vaccine

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-Licensed for chickens
- Tobacco cells (partically purified)- plant based
-Two dose injectable
- Inexpensive

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Using viral vectors for protein expression

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1) make a DNA copy of an RNA virus
2) engineer a new gene into the virus coding sequence
3) infect plants with derived RNA to recover infectious clones that express a desired protein

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Transient Expression of Virus-based vectors:

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Antigen is chosen from plant, vector is transferred from plant gene to bacteria, bacteria can then transfer the genes into the chromosome of a new plant cell, these plant cells are selected to grow new plant

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Moore's law

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Intel cofounder predicted in 1965 that the number of transistors per sq. inch of a computer chip will double every 18 months

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Monsato's law

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The ability to identifu and use genetic information is doubling every twelve to twenty-four months