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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Arctic Meltdown |
90% of glaciers are retreating Yearly average temperatures are increasing twice as fast inArctic compared to the tropics and temperate biomes |
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what % of glaciers are retreating? |
90% |
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Yearly average temperatures are increasing how much faster than in temperate zones? |
twice as fast
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Climate change Chap 8 Fall 2015 Permafrost is melting during the summers leads to what |
Climate change Chap 8 Fall 2015 ecosystems are drier leading to morefires |
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Climate: |
the general patterns of weather that characterizedifferent regions of the world |
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Climate results from all the combined elements of |
General atmospheric circulation patterns and precipitation Wind and weather systems Rotation and tilt of Earth Atmospheric gases and aerosols |
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climate over the past 10,000 years |
grown warmer with ups and downs |
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climate over the past 1,000 years |
warmed, cooled, and warmed again |
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Earth has warmed significantly since..... |
industrial revolution |
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Temperature anomalies |
the difference between each year's averagetemperature and the benchmark is called a temperature anomaly. A positiveanomaly indicates a year that is warmer than the benchmark. A negative anomalyrepresents a year that is cooler than the benchmark. |
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what causes natural temperature variations |
variation / annual temperatures vary from land versuswater El Niño/La Niña Southern Oscillation (ENSO): changes in oceancurrents that alter weather patterns Volcanic eruptions |
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Highest rainfall is during years of ... |
El Nino |
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Lowest levels of rainfall are during years of |
La Nina |
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Green house effect |
Gas molecules absorb heat (greenhouse gases, GHGs) >> Trap heat fro Earth’s surface >> Water vapor: most abundant and naturally occurring |
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JeanBaptiste Joseph Fourier discovered what? |
The green house effect |
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Stratospheres role in greenhouse effect |
It acts like a cap trapping warm gasses in atmosphere |
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The earth surface is heated by |
Radiation from the sun |
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The the atmosphere green house gasses do what? |
Greenhouse gases absorb!infrared radiation, which warms!the atmosphere. |
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Green House Gasses in the atmosphere do what? |
GHGs delay the loss of infrared heat (energy) |
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GWP |
Global Warming Potential |
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What is global warming potential |
How much potential a specific molecule or compound has to cause global warming |
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Consequences of Global Warming |
Changes in weather, dryer or wetter Retreating glaciers or ice sheets Rising Sea Levels |
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Decrease in sea ice |
Less land for animals like polar bears Rising sea levels |
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Results of rising sea levels |
We could lose many islands in the next century if sea levels continue to rise |
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regional variation --GW |
Not all locations will be effected the same. Different countries will be effected in different ways and at different levels |
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Climate change: Adaptation |
anticipate harm and plan adaptive responses todecrease vulnerability of people, property, and the biosphere EX: China and the little masks |
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Climate Change: Mitigation |
take action to prevent / reduce Co2 emissions |
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Why do we not take steps to reduce emissions |
It will be costly to mitigate and/or adapt to climate change Costs will not be equally distributed / many poor nations will be hit with the highest costs It is very difficult to persuade people/nations to make largeinvestments in something that will not be realized for decades |
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How much does Obama want to reduce green house gas emissions by 2050? |
80% |
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Donora Smog |
Dense fog in Dora, PA that lasted for 5 days The town has a steel mill that used high sulfur coal and another plant that used sulfur The weather convictions trapped the smog and killed 70 people and make 6,000 ill Led to air pollution act of 1955 |
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How many people were killed/made sick by Dora Smog? |
70 killed 6,000 sick |
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Air Pollution act of 1955 |
inspired by the events of Dora Smog Led to the Clean air act of 1970 |
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What 3 elements make up 99% of the atmosphere |
Nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), argon (Ar) equal 99% of theatmosphere |
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How many trace gasses make up the remaining 1% of our atmosphere? |
40 direct tace gasses |
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What are the major trace gasses |
ozone helium hydrogen nitrogen oxides |
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Aerosols: |
microscopic liquid or solid particles (dust, pollen, sea salts, etc.) from land and water |
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Troposphere |
means turning or mixing-- the lower atmosphere The site and source of weather contains 80% of the mass and 99% of the water vapor begins at ground level and extends to 10KM 20c to -55C |
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What layer of atmosphere is the site and rouse of weather |
Troposphere |
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What is the lowest level of the atmosphere (0-? KM) |
Troposphere (ground level-10km ) |
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Which level of the atmosphere has 99% of all water vapor |
Troposphere |
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Stratosphere |
second layer of the atmosphere 10km - 50 km stratified by temp and creates and inversion over the troposphere Dry and O3 rich |
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Where do planes fly |
Top of the troposphere |
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Which layer is dry and ozone rich |
Stratosphere |
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O3 element name |
Ozone |
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Air pollutants: |
substances in the atmosphere(gases and aerosols) that have harmful effects |
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Primary pollutants: |
gases or aerosols directly released inthe atmosphere |
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Secondary pollutants: |
gases or aerosols that are formedfrom reactions among other chemicals or aerosols in theatmosphere |
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Major Pollutants |
Sulfur dioxide, SO2 Ozone, O3 Particulate matter, PM 2.5 PM 10 Carbon monoxide NOx =Nitric oxide, NO and Nitrogen dioxide NO2 Lead |
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SO2 |
Sulfur dioxide |
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What is Industrial smog made of |
Lecture-Atmospheric Pollution Chap 9 Fall 2015 smoke + fog = SO2 (Sulfur Dioxide) |
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Industrial smog |
An irritating, grayish mix of soot, sulfur compounds, and water vapor In industrialized, cool areas that use coal |
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Thomas Malthus |
he noted human exponential growth and that problems would arise from it! |
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Weather |
Short term |
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Climate |
Long term |
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C02 GWP |
1. SUPER low, but there is just a ton of it |
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Methane GWP |
25 |
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Nitrous oxide GWP |
296 |
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sources of methane |
Livestock COWWWWWS |
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sources of nitrous oxide |
: also from livestock but also FF burning |
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Which two countries are giving off the most Carbon dioxide because of FF and industry |
America and China |
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The worst global warming occurs |
AT THE POLES |
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Why don't we always mitigate |
POOR PEOPLE ARE HIT WITH THE HIGHEST COSTS |
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Without GHG how cold would the earth be? |
-19 degrees F |
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What will be the tipping point of GW |
When greenland melts |
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Is climate change real |
SO REAL EVERYONE KNOWS THAT IT IS REAL SCIENCE ALL AGREES= REALLLLL |
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what is the atmosphere made up of |
NITROGEN |
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Major Secondary Pollutants |
Sulfuric and nitric acids |
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Acid rain |
Precipitation is 10-1000 times as acidic as normal Products of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides reacting with atmospheric Sulfuric acids and nitric acids (secondary pollutants) •moisture and oxidants (e.g., hydroxyl) |
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Acid |
releases hydrogen ions when touches water Them more hydrogen ions, the more acidic |
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Basic |
releases hydroxide ions (OHˉ) when touches water |
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pH |
: the concentration of hydrogen ions |
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The pH scale |
: 0 (highly acidic) – 7 (neutral) – 14 (highly • |
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Rain is usually a little |
Acidic (5.6) |
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How acidic is our rain |
almost all rain in the industrialized world is acidic In LA it is 2.8 which is 1,000 times more acidic than it should eb |
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Why is the ozone layer important |
it protects the world from harmful UV radiation |
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What is destroying the ozone |
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) destroy the ozone layer |
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halogens in the atmosphere |
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): halogenated hydrocarbons |
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Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): halogenated hydrocarbons |
Nonreactive, nonflammable, nontoxic organic molecules Chlorine and fluorine atoms replace some hydrogens Normally gaseous, but liquefy under some pressure |
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What is used in refrigerators hear pumps and air conditioners |
Chlorofluorocarbons |
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By what time was it obvious that pollutants were preventing the natural cleaning process |
1960s |
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Clean Air act |
1970 established criteria pollutants and how to manage them |
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Criteria pollutants |
Most widespread and harmful pollutants |
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CAFE Standards |
Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards How many MPG a car SHOULD get We have never reacher our goals |
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How is america doing at view economy |
WE SUCK. Seriously, everyone else is doing better than us |
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Who raised CAFE standards and why |
Obama in 2009. DECREASE DEPENDENCEE ON FORIGN OIL |
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Which is more polluted inside or outside Air ? |
INSIDE |
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What pollutes air inside |
Burning fires (developing countries) VOC's (used in paint, wood, adhesives and synthetic fabric ) |
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Asbestos |
SO SO SO BAD It is fireproof so it was used in homes, but it caused Lung cancer!!!!!! Banned in 1973 |
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Pollution |
ANY LEVEL OF A POLLUTANT THAT IS HARMFUL TO HUMANS OR THE ENVIRONMENT |
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E- Coli |
bacteria found in the human gut |
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Pathogens |
Disease carrying bacteria, viruses, parasites FOUND IN HUMAN AND ANIMAL POOP |
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What is good medicine to combat pathogens |
SANITATION !!!! Dont poop where you aren't supposed to and then clean your water properly |
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Health problems in the US caused by pollution were seen as what? |
The price of progress |
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Which river caught fire |
Ohio's Cuyahoga River |
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what did Cuyahoga River cause ? |
The clean water act of 1972 One of the most effective environmental laws ever enacted |
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Inorganic chemicals (pollutants ) |
heavy metals, or acids from mine drainage or precipitation EX: road salts used to make ice |
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Organic chemicals |
Pesticides and petrolium (cleaning solvants) |
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Point source pollution (water) |
When and entity is directly releasing pollutants into the water Easy to identify ex: factories dumping into water |
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Non point source |
poorly defined and scattered Agricultural run off , rain run off streets, lawns cars ect |
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The progress of eutropification |
nutrient enrichment that allows the growth of phytoplankton Dead phytoplankton settle at the bottom and KILL EVERYTHING because some of them emit toxins Makes water unappealing for humans too |
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Oligotrophic |
limited nutrients. Everything is super healthy |
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Entropic |
NOT HEALTHY TOO MUCH PHYTOPLANKTON |
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Biosoli |
Nutrient rich organic materials resulting fro the treatments of domestic sewage facilities. NOT POOP |
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2 required forms of water treatment and management |
1. Storm drains 2. sanitary sewers |
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Soil: |
Sold matter of geological and biological origin |
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Soil Degradation |
occurs when key attributes and nutrients of soils required for growth or other ecosystem services deteriorate |
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Fritz Haber |
Haber-Bosch process, the method used in industry to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gases. FERTILIZER |
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Infiltration |
water soaks into the soil |
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Water-holding capacity: |
soil’s ability to hold water after it infiltrates |
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Transpiration: |
water is absorbed by roots and exits as water vapor through pores (stomata; singular = stoma) in the leaves |
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Erosion: |
the process of soil being picked up and carried away bywater and wind |
