Bio Sat Ii Ultimate Review

Front 1

abiotic

Back 1

nonliving

Front 2

absorption

Back 2

the process by which water and dissolved substances pas through a membrane

Front 3

acethycholine

Back 3

a transmitter substance released form the axons of nerve cells at the synapse

Front 4

active immunity

Back 4

protective immunity to a disease

Front 5

adaption

Back 5

a change that enables an organism to adjust to its enviornment

Front 6

adaptive radiation

Back 6

the production of a number of different species from a common ancestor

Front 7

ADP

Back 7

energy storage molecule with 2 phosphates

Front 8

ADH

Back 8

hormone that regulates water conservation

Front 9

adipose

Back 9

fatty tissue

Front 10

adrenal cortex

Back 10

outer part of the adrenal gland that secrets cortisone and aldosterone

Front 11

adrenal medulla

Back 11

inner part of the adrenal gland that secretes adrenalin

Front 12

Adrenaline

Back 12

increases HR- flight or flght

Front 13

ACTH

Back 13

stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce its hormones, found in the anterior pit.

Front 14

aerobe

Back 14

needs xygen to live

Front 15

aerobis

Back 15

requiring free oxygen from the atmosphere for normal activity

Front 16

aldosterone

Back 16

hormone active in osmoregulation

Front 17

alimentary canal

Back 17

organ centrally involved in the human digestive system

Front 18

allatois

Back 18

embryonic membrane of birds

Front 19

allele

Back 19

different form of a gene

Front 20

alternation of generations

Back 20

description of a plants life cycle

diploid-asexual-sporophyte

haploid- sexual- gametophyte

Front 21

alveolus

Back 21

air sac in the lung, site of respiratory exchange

Front 22

amoeboid movement

Back 22

movement involving flowing of the cytoplasm

Front 23

anaerobe

Back 23

an organism that does not require oxygen to respire

Front 24

anaerobic

Back 24

living or active in the absence of free oxygen

Front 25

analogus

Back 25

describes structures that have similar structure but different function

Front 26

anaphase

Back 26

the stage in mitosis and meiosis II that is characterized by the migration of chromatids to the opposite ends of the cells (homologus pairs in meiosis I)

Front 27

androgen

Back 27

a male sex hormone (testosterone)

Front 28

angiosperm

Back 28

a flowering plant

Front 29

annelida

Back 29

segmented worm phylum

Front 30

anther

Back 30

part of the male reproductive organ (the stamen) the produces and stores pollen

Front 31

antibiotic

Back 31

an antipathogenic substance

Front 32

antibody

Back 32

globular proteins produced by tissues to destroy antigens

Front 33

antigen

Back 33

a foreign protein that stimulates the production of antibodies

Front 34

aorta

Back 34

largest artery; carries blood from the left ventricle

Front 35

aortic arch

Back 35

blood vessel between the ascending and descending aorta

Front 36

appendage

Back 36

a structure that extends from the trunk of an organism and is capable of active movement

Front 37

aqueous humor

Back 37

fluid in the eye, btw cornea and lens

Front 38

Arachnida

Back 38

spiders, mites, ticks, etc

Front 39

artery

Back 39

blood vessel that caries blood away from the heart

Front 40

Arthropoda

Back 40

jointed-leg invertebrates

Front 41

asexual reproduction

Back 41

the production of daughter cells by means other that sexual union of gametes (budding and binary fission)

Front 42

assimilation

Back 42

conversion of digested foods and other materials into forms usable by the body

Front 43

assortative mating

Back 43

the type of mating that occurs when an organism selects a mating partner that resembles itself

Front 44

atrium

Back 44

thin walled, anterior chamber of the heart

Front 45

autolysis

Back 45

self digestion occurring in plant and animal tissue

Front 46

autonomic nervous system

Back 46

part of the nervous system that regulates involuntary muscles

Front 47

autosome

Back 47

any non-sex chromosome

Front 48

autotroph

Back 48

utilizes the energy of inorganic material

Front 49

auxin

Back 49

a plant growth hormone

Front 50

axon

Back 50

a nerve fiber

Front 51

bacillus

Back 51

bacteria that are rod shaped

Front 52

bacteriophage

Back 52

a type of virus that can destroy bacteria

Front 53

bile

Back 53

an emulsifying agent secreted by the liver

Front 54

bile salts

Back 54

compounds in bile that aid in emulsification

Front 55

binary fission

Back 55

asexual reproduction

Front 56

binomial nomenclature

Back 56

the system of naming an organism by its genus and species name

Front 57

biome

Back 57

a habit zone

Front 58

biotic

Back 58

living organism

Front 59

blastula

Back 59

a stage of embryonic development in which the embryo consists of a hollow ball of cells

Front 60

Bowmans capsule

Back 60

par of the nephron in the kidneys

Front 61

bud

Back 61

in plants, an area of undifferentiated tissue

Front 62

budding

Back 62

a process of asexual reproduction in which the offspring grows out of the organism

Front 63

buffer

Back 63

a substance that prevents chaanges in pH in solutions to which small amts of acids or bases are added

Front 64

calorie

Back 64

a unit of heat

Front 65

calvin cycle (dark cycle)

Back 65

cycle in photosynthesis that reduces fixed carbon to carbs through the addition of electrons

Front 66

cambium

Back 66

undifferentiated tissue in te stem of a plant

Front 67

caillary

Back 67

a tube one cell thick that carries blood from a vein to an artery

Front 68

carapace

Back 68

hard outer shell made of chitin

Front 69

carbohydrate

Back 69

an organix compound to which hydrogen and oxygen ae attached (2:1= H:O)

Front 70

carbon cycle

Back 70

the recycling of carbon from decaying organisms for use in future generations

Front 71

carnivore

Back 71

meat eater

Front 72

carotene

Back 72

an orange plant pigment

Front 73

cation

Back 73

an ion with a positive charge

Front 74

cell wall

Back 74

a wall composed to cellulose that is external to the cell membrane

Front 75

cell wall plate

Back 75

in mitosis of higher plants, formed between the dividing nucleus

Front 76

central nervous system (CNS)

Back 76

cencompasses the braina dn spinal cord

Front 77

centriole

Back 77

the small granular body within the centrosome to which spindle fibers attach

Front 78

centromere

Back 78

the place of attachment of the mitotic fiber to the chromosome

Front 79

centrosome

Back 79

a structure in animal cells containing centromeres which creates spindle fibers

Front 80

cephalic

Back 80

pertaining to the head

Front 81

cerebellum

Back 81

the hindbrain region that controls equilibrium and muscular coordination

Front 82

cerebral cortex

Back 82

the outer layer of cerebral hemisphere in the forebrain

Front 83

cerebrial hemisphere

Back 83

one of the paired, lateral divisions of the forebrain

Front 84

cerebrum

Back 84

largest potion of the brain; center of intelligence, conscious thought, and sensation

Front 85

chemosynthesis

Back 85

carbs are formed through chemical energy

Front 86

chemotropism

Back 86

the orientation of cels to chemical stimuli

Front 87

chitin

Back 87

a substance that forms the outer part of the outer integument of insects, or things with exoskeletons

Front 88

chlorophyll

Back 88

a green pigment that preforms light trapping during photosynthesis

Front 89

chloroplast

Back 89

a plastid containing chlorophyll

Front 90

Chordata

Back 90

an animal phylum that have a dorsal nerve cord

Front 91

chorio

Back 91

the outermost, extra-embryonic membrane of reptiles and birds

Front 92

chromatids

Back 92

one of the two strands that constitute a chromosome

Front 93

chromatin

Back 93

a nuclear protein of chromosomes that stains readily

Front 94

chromosome

Back 94

a short, stubby rod consisting of chromatin that is found in the ucleus of cells

Front 95

chyme

Back 95

partially digested food in the stomach

Front 96

circadian rhythm

Back 96

daily cycles of behavior

Front 97

cleavage

Back 97

the division in animal cell cytoplasm caused by the pinching in of the cell membrane

Front 98

climax community

Back 98

the stable, biotic part of the ecosystem in which populations exist in blanace with each other

Front 99

clotting

Back 99

the coagulation of blood caused by the rupture of platelets

Front 100

cloaca

Back 100

the chamber in the alimentary canal of certain vertebrates located below the large intestine

Front 101

cochlea

Back 101

the sensory organ of the inner ear of mammals

Front 102

codominant

Back 102

in state in which two genetic traits are fully expressed and neither dominates

Front 103

coelom

Back 103

the space between the mesodermal layers that forms the body cavity of some animal phylia

Front 104

coenzyme

Back 104

an organic factor required for enzyme activity

Front 105

colon

Back 105

the large intestine

Front 106

commensal

Back 106

describes an organ that lives symbiotically with a host; the host neither benefits or is harmed

Front 107

conditioning

Back 107

the association of a physical, visceral response with an environmental stimuli

Front 108

cone

Back 108

a cell in the retina that is sensative to color and is responsible for color vision

Front 109

consumer

Back 109

organism that consumes food from outside it self

Front 110

contractile vacuole

Back 110

a specialized structure that controls osmotic pressure by removing water from the cell

Front 111

cornea

Back 111

the outer, transparent layer of the eye

Front 112

corpus callosum

Back 112

a tract of nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the brain

Front 113

corpus luteum

Back 113

a remnant of follicle after ovulation that secretes pregesterone

Front 114

cortex

Back 114

in plants, the tissue between the epidermis and the vascular cylinder in the root

Front 115

cortisone

Back 115

hormonal secretion of the adrenal cortex

Front 116

cotyledon

Back 116

a "seed leaf"

Front 117

cretinism

Back 117

a thyroid deficiency that results in stunted growth and feeblemindedness

Front 118

crossing over

Back 118

the exchange of parts of a homologues chromosome during meiosis

Front 119

cross-pollination

Back 119

the pollination of a pistil of one flower with the pollen from the stamen from a different flower

Front 120

crustacea

Back 120

crustaceans

Front 121

cuticle

Back 121

a waxy protective layer secreted by the outer surface of a plant

Front 122

cytochrome

Back 122

a hydrogen carrier containing iron that functions in many cellular prcesses

Front 123

cytokinesis

Back 123

process by which the cytoplasm and the organelles of a cell divide

Front 124

cyton

Back 124

the cell body of a neuron

Front 125

cytoplasm

Back 125

the living matter of a cell

Front 126

cytoskeleton

Back 126

the organelle that provides mechanical support and carries out motility function for the cell

Front 127

cytosine

Back 127

a nitrogen base that bonds with guanine

Front 128

deamination

Back 128

the removal of an amino group from an organism

Front 129

deletion

Back 129

the loss of part or all of a chromosome

Front 130

deme

Back 130

a small, local population

Front 131

dendrite

Back 131

the part of the neuron that transmits impulses to the cell body

Front 132

deoxyrobse

Back 132

a five carbon sugar that is the maine component of DNA

Front 133

diastole

Back 133

the passive, rhythmical expansion or dialation of the cavities of the heart

Front 134

dicotyledon

Back 134

a plant that has two seed leaves or cotlyedons

Front 135

diencephalon

Back 135

the hind protion of the forebrain

Front 136

differentiation

Back 136

a progressive change from which a permanently more mature or advanced state results

Front 137

diffusion

Back 137

the movement of particles from one place to another

Front 138

digestion

Back 138

the process of breaking down large organic molecules into smaller ones

Front 139

dihybrid

Back 139

an organism that is heterozygous for two different traits

Front 140

dimorphism

Back 140

the instance of polymorphism in which there is a difference of form between two members of teh species

Front 141

diploid

Back 141

describes cells that have a double set of chromosomes in homologous pairs (2n)

Front 142

disaccharide

Back 142

a sugar composed of two monosaccharides

Front 143

disjunction

Back 143

the separation of homologous pairs of chromosomes following meitic synapses

Front 144

DNA

Back 144

deoxyribonucleic acid; found in the cells nucleus; contains coded, genetic information

Front 145

dominance

Back 145

a dominant allele suppresses the expression of the other member of an allele pair when both members are present

Front 146

dorsal root

Back 146

the sensory branch of each spinal nerve

Front 147

duodenum

Back 147

the most anterior portion of the small intestine

Front 148

ecological succession

Back 148

the orderly process by which one biotic community replaces another one

Front 149

ecology

Back 149

the study of organisms in relation to their environment

Front 150

ectoderm

Back 150

the outermost embryonic germ layer that GIVES RISE TO THE EPIDERMIS AND THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Front 151

egg (ovum)

Back 151

a female gamete

Front 152

electron transport chain

Back 152

a complex carrier mechanism located on the inside of an inner mitochondrial membrane of a cell

Front 153

embolus

Back 153

a clot formed within a blood vessel

Front 154

emulsion

Back 154

a collodial system involving the dispersion of a liquid within a liquid

Front 155

endemic

Back 155

pertaining to a restricted locality

Front 156

endocrine gland

Back 156

a ductless gland that sercetes hormones directly into the blood stream

Front 157

endocytosis

Back 157

a process by which the cell membrane is invaginated to form a vesicle which contains extracellular medium

Front 158

endoderm

Back 158

the innermost embryonic layer that gives rise to the LINING OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL AND TO THE DIGESTIVE AND RESPIRATORY ORGANS

Front 159

endoplasmic reticulum

Back 159

a netowrk of membrane enclosed spaces connected with the nuclear membrane; transports materials through the cell; can be rough or smooth

Front 160

enzyme

Back 160

an organic catalyst and protein

Front 161

endoplasm

Back 161

the inner portion of the cytoplasm of a cell

Front 162

endosperm

Back 162

the triploid tissue in some seeds that contained stored food and is formed by the union of one sperm nucleus with two nuclei of the females gametophyte

Front 163

epidermis

Back 163

outer most layer of an organism

Front 164

epididymis

Back 164

the coiled part of the sperm duct adj. to the testes

Front 165

epiglottis

Back 165

in mammals, a flap of tissue above the glottis; covers the trachea while breathing and the esophagus while breathing

Front 166

epicotyl

Back 166

the portion of a seed plant embryo above the cotyledon

Front 167

epiphyte

Back 167

a plant that lives on another plant commensalistically

Front 168

epithelium

Back 168

the cellular layer that covers external and internal surfaces

Front 169

erythrocyte

Back 169

red blood cells

Front 170

esophagus

Back 170

the portion of the alimentary canal connecting the stomach and the pharynx

Front 171

estrogen

Back 171

female sex hormone

Front 172

ethanol fermentation

Back 172

a form of anaerobis respiration found in yeast and bacteria

Front 173

ethylene

Back 173

a hormen that ripes fruit and induces aging

Front 174

eukaryote

Back 174

multicellular organism

Front 175

Eustachian tube

Back 175

air duct from the middle ear to the throat that equalizes external and internal air pressure

Front 176

excretion

Back 176

the elimination of metabolic waste

Front 177

exocrine

Back 177

pertaining to a type of gland that releases its secretion throug a duct

Front 178

exocytosis

Back 178

a process by which the vesicle in the cell fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents to the outside

Front 179

exoskeleton

Back 179

describes arthropods and other animals whose skeletons are outside their skin

Front 180

eye

Back 180

a sensory organ capable of detecting light

Front 181

F1

Back 181

the first filial generation (first offspring)

Front 182

F2

Back 182

the second filial generation

Front 183

fallopian tube

Back 183

the mammalian oviduct that leads from the ovaries to the uterus

Front 184

feedback mechanism

Back 184

the process by which a certain function is regulated by the amount of the substance it produces

Front 185

femur

Back 185

the thigh bone

Front 186

fermentation

Back 186

anaerobis respiration that yeilds 2 molecules of ATP, lactic acid, ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide, or some similar compound via the glycolytic pathway

Front 187

fertilization

Back 187

the fusion of sperm and egg

Front 188

fibrin

Back 188

protein threads that form in the blood during blood clotting

Front 189

fibringen

Back 189

blood protein that is transformed to fibrin upon clotting

Front 190

fitness

Back 190

ability of an organism to contribute its alleles and therefore its phenotypic traits to future generations

Front 191

flagellate

Back 191

an organism that possesses one o more whiplike appendages called flagella

Front 192

flagellum

Back 192

a microscopic, whiplike filament that serves as a locomotor structure in flagellate cells

Front 193

follicle

Back 193

the sac in the ovary in which the egg develops

Front 194

food vacuole

Back 194

a vacuole in the cytoplasm in which digestion takes place

Front 195

frame shift mutation

Back 195

a mutation involving the addition or loss of nucleotides

Front 196

fruit

Back 196

a mature ovary

Front 197

FSH

Back 197

an anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the follicles in females and the function of the seminiferous tubules in males

Front 198

functional group

Back 198

chemical groups attached to carbon skeletons that give compounds their functionality

Front 199

gall bladder

Back 199

an organ taht stores bile

Front 200

gamete

Back 200

a sex or reproductive cell that must fuse with another of the opposite type to form a zygote

Front 201

gametophyte

Back 201

the haploid, sexual stage in the life cycle of plants

Front 202

ganglion

Back 202

a grouping of neuron cell bodies that acts as a coordinating center

Front 203

gastrula

Back 203

a stage of embryonic development characterized by the differntiation of the cells into the ectoderm an endoderm germ layers and by the formation of the archenteron; can be either two or three layered

Front 204

gene

Back 204

the portion of a DNA molecule that serves as unit of heredity; found on the chromosome

Front 205

gene frequency

Back 205

a decimal fraction that represents the presence of an allele for all members of a population that have a particular gene locus

Front 206

genetic code

Back 206

a four-letter code made up of the nitrogen bases A, T, C, and G; each chromosome is made up of thousands of these bases

Front 207

genetic drift

Back 207

random evolutionary change in the genetic makeup of a (usually small) population

Front 208

genotype

Back 208

the genetic makeup of an organism with out reguard to its physical appearance

Front 209

genus

Back 209

in taxonomy, a classification between species and family; a group of very closley related species

Front 210

geographical barriers

Back 210

any physical feature that prevents the ecological niches of different organisms from overlapping

Front 211

geotropism

Back 211

any movement or growth of a living organism in response to the force of gravity

Front 212

germ cell

Back 212

a reproductive cell

Front 213

germ layer

Back 213

one of the primary tissues of the embryo layers

Front 214

gibberellin

Back 214

a hormone that stimulates plant stem elongation

Front 215

gill silt

Back 215

a preforation leading from the pharynx to the outside environment

Front 216

glomerulus

Back 216

a network of capillaries in the Bowman's capsule of the kidneys

Front 217

glottis

Back 217

in mammals, the slit-like opening formed by the vocal folds in thelarynx

Front 218

glycogen

Back 218

a starch form in animals; glucose is converted to glycogen in the liver

Front 219

glycolysis

Back 219

the anaerobic respiration of carbs

Front 220

goiter

Back 220

an enlargement on the thyroid gland due to lack of iodine

Front 221

golgi body

Back 221

membranous organelles involved in the storage and modification of secratory products

Front 222

gonads

Back 222

the reproductive organs the produce sex cells

Front 223

Graffian follicle

Back 223

the cavity in the mammalian ovary in which the egg ripens

Front 224

granum

Back 224

the smallest particle that is capable of carrying out photosynthesis

Front 225

gray matter

Back 225

a portion of the CNS consisting of cytons, their dendrites, and synaptic connection

Front 226

guanine

Back 226

a nitrogen base that links with cytosine

Front 227

guard cell

Back 227

one of a pair of kidney-shaped cells that surround a stomate and regulate the size of the stomate in a leaf

Front 228

gymnosperm

Back 228

a plant that belongs to the class of seed plants in which th seeds are not enclosed in an ovary; includes conifers

Front 229

haploid

Back 229

describes cells that have half the chromosome number typical species (n chromosome number)

Front 230

hemoglobin

Back 230

a protein compound containing iron that is found in red blood cels; gives RBC's their capacity to carry oxygen

Front 231

hepatic portal system

Back 231

the veins that carry blood from the digestive organs to the liver

Front 232

herbivore

Back 232

plant-eater

Front 233

hermaphrodite

Back 233

an organism possessing both male and female organisms

Front 234

heterotroph

Back 234

an organism that must get its inorganic and organic raw materials from the enviornment; a consumer

Front 235

heterozygous

Back 235

describes an individual that possesses two contrasting alleles for a given trait (Tt)

Front 236

homeotherm

Back 236

an animal with a constant body temp

Front 237

homologous

Back 237

describes two or more structures that have similar forms, positions, and origins despite the differences between their current functions; ex= arm of a human, flipper of a dolphin, and the foreleg of the horse

Front 238

homozygous

Back 238

describes an individual what has the same gene for the same trait on each homologous chromosome (TT or tt)

Front 239

hormone

Back 239

a chemical messenger that is secreted by one part of the body and carried by the blood to affect another part of the body

Front 240

Host

Back 240

any organism that is the victim of a parasite

Front 241

humerus

Back 241

bone of the upper arm

Front 242

hybrid

Back 242

an offspring that is heterozygous for one or more gene pairs

Front 243

hydrostatic skeleton

Back 243

fluid skeleton of annelids

Front 244

hyperthyroidism

Back 244

an over secretion of thyrods that leads to high metabolism and a goiter

Front 245

hypertonic

Back 245

describes a fluid that his a higher osmotic pressure that another fluid it is compared to; it exerts greater osmotic pull than the fluid on the otherside of a semipermeable membrane; hence it possesses a greater concentration of particles, and acquires water during osmosis

Front 246

hypocotyl

Back 246

the portion of the embryonic seed plant below the point of attachment of teh cotyledon; forms the root

Front 247

hypothalamus

Back 247

a section of the posterior forebrain assoicated with the pituitary gland

Front 248

hypotonic

Back 248

describes a fluid that has a lower osmotic pressure than a fluid it is compared to; it exerts lesser osmotic pull than the fluid on the other side of a semipermeable membrane; hence, it possess a lesser concentration of particles, and loses water during osmosis

Front 249

ilium

Back 249

the dorsal part of the hip girle

Front 250

immunity

Back 250

a resistance to disease developed through the immune system

Front 251

imprinting

Back 251

the process by which environmental patterns or objects presented to a developing organism during a "critical period" of its growth is accepting as a permanent element of behavior

Front 252

incomplete dominance

Back 252

genetic blending; each allele exerts some influence on the phenotype

Front 253

independent assortment

Back 253

the law by which genes on different chromosomes are inherited independently of each other

Front 254

ingestion

Back 254

the intake of food from the environment into the alimentary canal

Front 255

inner ear

Back 255

a fluid-filled sensory apparatus that aids in balance and hearing

Front 256

insulin

Back 256

a hormone produced by the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas; regulates blood sugar concentration by converting glucose to glycogen (lowers blood sugar)

Front 257

integument

Back 257

refers to the protective covering,such as a covering of an ovule, that develops into the seed coat, or an animals skin

Front 258

interphase

Back 258

a metabolic stage between mitosis in whish genetic material s reproduced

Front 259

intersititial cells

Back 259

cells which in the female are located between the ovarian follicles, and in the male are located between the seminiferous tubules in the testes; in both cases, these cells produce male sex hormones

Front 260

inversion

Back 260

occurs when a segment of genetic material on a chromosome is reversed

Front 261

iris

Back 261

the colored part of the eye that is capable of contracting and regulating the size of pupils

Front 262

irritability

Back 262

the ability to respond to a stimulus

Front 263

isolation

Back 263

the separation of some members of a population from the rest of their species

Front 264

isomer

Back 264

one of a group of compounds that is identical in atomic composition, but different in structure

Front 265

isotonic

Back 265

describes a fluid that has the same osmotic pressure as a fluid it is compared to; it exerts the same osmotic pull as the fluid on the other side of a semipermeable membrane; hence it neither gains nor loses water during osmosis, and possesses the same concentration of particles before and after osmosis occurs

Front 266

Krebs Cycle

Back 266

process of aerobic respiration that fully harvests the energy of glucose; also known as the citric acid cycle

Front 267

lactase

Back 267

the enzyme that acts upon lactase

Front 268

lacteal

Back 268

a lymph tubule located in the villus that absorbs fatty acids

Front 269

lactic acid fermentation

Back 269

a type of anaerobic respiration found in fungi, bacteria, and human muscle cells

Front 270

lara

Back 270

a period in the development of animals between the embryo and adult stages

Front 271

legume

Back 271

a flowering plant with simple dry fruit, characterized by nodes on their roots that contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Front 272

lens

Back 272

a structure of the eye that focuses images on the retina by changing its convexity

Front 273

levels of structure

Back 273

different relationships that are formed in proteins between teh original sequence of amino acids and more complex 3D compounds

Front 274

lichen

Back 274

an association between an algae and a fungus that is symbiotic and mutualistic in nature

Front 275

linkage

Back 275

occurs when different traits are inherited together more often than they would have been by chance alone

Front 276

lipase

Back 276

a fat-digesting hormone

Front 277

lipid

Back 277

a fat or oil

Front 278

littoral zone

Back 278

a marine biome

Front 279

Loop of Henle

Back 279

the thin, bent part of the renal tubule that is the site of the counter-current flow and the sodium gradient

Front 280

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Back 280

secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, stimulates the conversion of a follicle into the corpus luteum and the secretion of progesterone

Front 281

lymph

Back 281

a body fluid that flows in its own circulatory fluid in lymphatic vessels separate from blood circ.

Front 282

lymph capillary

Back 282

on of many tubules that absorb tissue fluid and return it to the bloodstream via the lymphatic system

Front 283

lymphocyte

Back 283

a kind of white blood cell in vertebrates that has a rounded nucleus; involved in immune response

Front 284

lysosome

Back 284

an organelle that contains enzyme that aids in intracellular digestion

Front 285

macula

Back 285

a sensory hair structure in the inner ear

Front 286

malleus

Back 286

he outermost bone of the middle ear (hammer)

Front 287

malpighian tubules

Back 287

tubules that excrete metabolic wastes into the hindgut in arthropods

Front 288

maltase

Back 288

an enzyme that acts upon maltose and converts it into glucose

Front 289

maltose

Back 289

a 12-carbon sugar that is formed by the union of two glucose molecules

Front 290

marsupial

Back 290

a pouched mammal, such as the kangaroo or opossum

Front 291

medulla

Back 291

the inner layer of an organism surrounded by the cortex

Front 292

medulla oblongata

Back 292

the posterior part of the brain tha controls the ate of breathing and other autonomic functions; most primitive part

Front 293

medusa

Back 293

a jellyfish

Front 294

meiosis

Back 294

a process of cell division whereby each daughter cell recieves only one set of chromosomes' the formation of gametes

Front 295

Menelian Laws

Back 295

laws of classical genetics established through Mendel's experiments with Peas

Front 296

meninges

Back 296

three membranes that envelop te brain and spinal cord

Front 297

meristem

Back 297

an undifferentiated, growing region of a plant that is constantly undergoing cell division and differentiation

Front 298

mesoderm

Back 298

a primary germ layer that gives rse to the SKELETON, CIRCULATORY SYSTEM, AND MANY ORGANS AND TISSUES BETWEEN THE EPIDERMIS ADN THE EPITHELIUM

Front 299

metabolism

Back 299

a grop of life-maintaing processes that includes nutration, respiration, and the synthesis of biochemica substances

Front 300

metamorphosis

Back 300

the transformation of an immature animal into an adult

Front 301

metaphase

Back 301

a stage of mitosis; chromosomes line up at hte equator of teh cell

Front 302

microbodies

Back 302

organelles the serve as specialized containers for metabolic reactions

Front 303

micron

Back 303

one-thousandth of a millimeter; a unit of microscopic length

Front 304

mitochondria

Back 304

cytoplasmic organelles that serve as sites of respiration

Front 305

mitosis

Back 305

a type of nuclear division that is charcterized by complex chromosomal movement and the exact duplication of chromosomes; occurs in somatic cells

Front 306

monocotyledon

Back 306

a plant that has a single cotyledon or seed-leaf

Front 307

monohybrid

Back 307

an individual that is heterozygous for only one trait

Front 308

morphology

Back 308

the study of form and structure

Front 309

morula

Back 309

the solidball of cells that results from cleavage of an egg

Front 310

mucosa

Back 310

a mucus-secreting membrane, such as the inner intestinal lining

Front 311

mutagenic agent

Back 311

agent that induces mutations; typically carcinogenic

Front 312

mutation

Back 312

changes in genes that are inherited

Front 313

mutualism

Back 313

s symbotic relationship from which both organisms involved derive some benefit

Front 314

myelin sheath

Back 314

a fatty sheath surrounding the axon og a neuron that aids in stimulus transmission; it is secreted by the Schwann cells

Front 315

NAD

Back 315

an abbreviation of nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide, also DPN; a respiratory oxadation-reduction molecule

Front 316

NADP

Back 316

an abbreviation of nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphate, also TPN; an organic compound that serves as an oxidation-reduction molecule

Front 317

nephron

Back 317

functional urinary tubules responsible for excretion in the kidneys of vertebrates

Front 318

nerve

Back 318

a bundle of nerve axons

Front 319

nerve cord

Back 319

a compact linear organization of nerve tissues with ganglia in the CNS

Front 320

nerve net

Back 320

a multidirectional sensory system of lower animals such as the hydra, consisting of nerve fibers spread throughout the ectoderm

Front 321

neural tube

Back 321

an embryonic structure that gives rise to the central nervous system

Front 322

neuron

Back 322

a nerve cell

Front 323

niche

Back 323

the fuctional role and position of an organism in an ecosystem

Front 324

nicitating membrane

Back 324

a thin, transparent, eyelid-like membrane

Front 325

nitrogen cycle

Back 325

the recycling of nitrogen from decaying organisms for use in future generations

Front 326

nondisjunction

Back 326

the failure of some homologous pairs of chromosomes

Front 327

notochord

Back 327

a flexible, supportive rod running longitudinally through the dorsum ventral to the nerve cord

Front 328

nuclear membrane

Back 328

a membrane that envelopes the nucleus and separates it from the cytoplasm

Front 329

nucleolus

Back 329

a dark-staining small body within the nucleus; composed of RNA

Front 330

nucleotide

Back 330

an organic molecule consisting of joined phosphate, 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base

Front 331

nucleus

Back 331

an organelle that regulates cell functions and contains the genetic material of the cell

Front 332

olfactory

Back 332

related to the sense of smell

Front 333

oogenesis

Back 333

a process o formation of ova

Front 334

organelle

Back 334

a specialized structure that carries out particular functions in eukaryotic cells

Front 335

osmoregulation

Back 335

the ways in which organisms regulate their suply of water

Front 336

osmosis

Back 336

the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane, from an area of greater concentration to an area of lower concentration

Front 337

ovary

Back 337

the female gonad in animals; the base of the pistil in plants

Front 338

oviduct

Back 338

a tube connecting the ovaries and the uterus

Front 339

oxidation

Back 339

the removal of hydrogen or electrons from a compound or addition of oxygen

Front 340

paring (synapsis)

Back 340

an association of homologous chromosomes during the first meiotic division

Front 341

parasitism

Back 341

a relationship in which one organ benefits at the expense of another

Front 342

parasympathetic

Back 342

pertaining to a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system of vertebrate

Front 343

parathyroid

Back 343

an endocrine gland of vertebrates, usually paired, and located near or within the thyroid; it secretes parathormone, which controls the metabolism of calcium

Front 344

parenchyma

Back 344

plant tissue consisting of large thin walled cells for storage

Front 345

passive immunity

Back 345

a resistance to disease produced through injection of antibodies

Front 346

parthenogenesis

Back 346

a form of asexual reproduction in which the egg develops in the absence of sperm

Front 347

pathogen

Back 347

a disease-causing organism

Front 348

pedigree

Back 348

a family tree depicting the inheritance of a particular genetic trait over several generations

Front 349

pelagic zone

Back 349

a marine biome typical of the open seas

Front 350

pepsin

Back 350

a stomach enzyme that partially digests enzymes

Front 351

peptide

Back 351

the kind of bond formed

Front 352

Peripheral Nervous System

Back 352

comprises somatic and autonomic nervous system; consists of cranial and spinal nerves

Front 353

peristalsis

Back 353

waves of contractions and relaxation passing long a tubular structure, such as the digestive tube

Front 354

permeability

Back 354

degree of penetrability

Front 355

pH

Back 355

a symbol that denotes the relative concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution: the lower the pH, the more acidic (1-6); neutral (7); the higher the number, the more basic (8-14)

Front 356

phagocyte

Back 356

any cell capable of ingesting another cell

Front 357

pharynx

Back 357

the part of the alimentary canal between the mouth and the esophagus

Front 358

phenotype

Back 358

the physical appearance of a gene trait

Front 359

pheromone

Back 359

substance secreted by organisms that influence the behavior of other members of the same species

Front 360

phloem

Back 360

the vascular tissue of a plant that transports organic materials from the leaves to other parts of the plant

Front 361

photolysis

Back 361

a process of photosynthesis in which water is split into H+ and OH-; the hydrogen ion then joins the NADP to form NADPH

Front 362

photoperiodism

Back 362

a response by an organism to the duration and timing of light and dark conditions

Front 363

photosynthesis

Back 363

the process by which light energy and chlorophyll are used to manufacture carbs out of CO2 and water; an autotrophic process using light energy

Front 364

phototropism

Back 364

plant growth stimulated by light (stem=to light; root= away from light)

Front 365

phylogeny

Back 365

the study of the evolutionary descent and interrelations of groups of organisms

Front 366

phylum

Back 366

a category of taxonomic classification that is ranked above class; kingdoms are divided into phylum

Front 367

physiology

Back 367

the study of all living processes, activities, and functions

Front 368

pineal body

Back 368

a structure found between he cerebral hemispheres of vertebrates; secretes melatonin, which may help regulate the pituitary by regulating hypothalamic releasing factors

Front 369

pinocytosis

Back 369

the intake of fluid droplets into a cell

Front 370

pistil

Back 370

he part of the flower that bears the female gametophyte

Front 371

pith

Back 371

the central tissue of a stem, used for food storage

Front 372

pituitary

Back 372

a gland composed of two parts, anterior and posterior, each with its own secretions; called the master gland because its hormones stimulate secretions by other glands

Front 373

placenta

Back 373

a structure formed by the wall of the uterus and the chorion of embryo

Front 374

planaria

Back 374

the class of free-living flatworms

Front 375

plankton

Back 375

passively floating or drifting flora and fauna of a body of water

Front 376

plasma

Back 376

the liquid part of the blood

Front 377

plasma membrane

Back 377

the cell membrane

Front 378

plasmodium

Back 378

a motile, multinucleate mass of protoplasm resulting from fusion of uninuclear amoeboid cells (slime mold)

Front 379

plastid

Back 379

cytoplasmic bodies within a plant cell that are often pigmented

Front 380

platelet

Back 380

small, disc-shaped bodies in the blood that play a chief role in coagulation

Front 381

pleural cavity

Back 381

the cavity between the lungs and the wall of the chest

Front 382

plexus

Back 382

a network of blood or nerve vessels

Front 383

point mutation

Back 383

a mutation in which a single nucleotide base is substituted for another nucleotide base, or an extra one is added

Front 384

polar body

Back 384

nonfunctional haploid cells created during meiosis in females

Front 385

pollen

Back 385

the microspore of a seed plant

Front 386

pollination

Back 386

the transfer of pollen to the micropyle or to a receptive surface that is associated with an ovule

Front 387

polymer

Back 387

a large molecule that is composed of many similar molecular units

Front 388

polymorphism

Back 388

the individual differences of form among the members of a species

Front 389

polyp

Back 389

a typical coelenterate individual with a hollow tubular body whose outer ectoderm is separated from its inner endoderm

Front 390

polyploidy

Back 390

a condition in which an organism may have multiple of the normal number of chromosomes (4n, 6n, etc)

Front 391

polysaccharide

Back 391

carb that is composed of many monosaccharides

Front 392

pons

Back 392

the part of the hindbrain located in the brain stem

Front 393

population

Back 393

all the members of a given species inhabiting a certain locale

Front 394

Porifera

Back 394

the phylum of sponges

Front 395

primary oocyte

Back 395

a cell that divides to form the polar body and the secondary oocyte

Front 396

primary spermatocyte

Back 396

a cell that divides to form two secondaries spermatocytes

Front 397

producer

Back 397

organism that produces its own food; first sstage in the food chain

Front 398

progesterone

Back 398

the hormone secrete by the corpus luteum of vertebrates and the placenta of mammals

Front 399

prokaryote

Back 399

unicellular organism with simple cell structure

Front 400

prophase

Back 400

a mitotic or meiotic stage in which the chromosomes become visible and during which the spindle fibers form

Front 401

protein

Back 401

one of a class of organic compounds that is composed of many amino acids; contains C, H, O, N

Front 402

prothrombin

Back 402

a part of the plasma in the blood of vertebrate

Front 403

Protista

Back 403

a kingdom of unicellular living organisms that are neither animals or plants; includes algae, smile molds, and protozoa

Front 404

ptyalin

Back 404

a digestive enzyme of the saliva that turns starch into maltose

Front 405

pulmonary

Back 405

relating to the lung

Front 406

pupil

Back 406

on opening of the eye whose size is regulated by the iris

Front 407

purine

Back 407

a nitrogenous base such as adenine or guanine; when joined with sugar and phosphate, a component of nucleotides and nucleic acids

Front 408

pyrimidine

Back 408

a nitrogen base such as cytosine, thymine, and uracil; when joined with sugar and phosphate, a component of nucleotides and nucleic acids

Front 409

pyloric valve

Back 409

a muscular valve regulating the flow of food from the stomach to the small intestine

Front 410

recessive

Back 410

pertains to a gene or characteristics that is masked when a dominant allele is present

Front 411

recombinant DNA technology

Back 411

technology that allows for manipulation of genetic material

Front 412

reduction

Back 412

a change from a diploid nucleus to a haploid nucleus, as in meiosis

Front 413

vitamin

Back 413

an organic nutrient required by organisms in small amounts to aid in proper metabolic processes

Front 414

white matter

Back 414

an accumulation of axons within that CNS that is white because of its fatty, myelin sheath

Front 415

wood

Back 415

xylem that is no longer being used; gives structural support to the plant

Front 416

xylem

Back 416

vascular tissue of the plant that aids in support and carries water

Front 417

yolk sac

Back 417

a specialized structure that leads to the digestive tract of a developing organism and provides it with food during early development

Front 418

zygote

Back 418

a cell resulting from the fusion of gametes

Front 419

regeneration

Back 419

the ability of certain animals to regrow missing body parts

Front 420

respiration

Back 420

a chemical action that releases energy from glucose to form ATP

Front 421

respiratory center

Back 421

the area of medulla that regulates the rate of breathing

Front 422

reticulum

Back 422

a network or mesh of fibrils

Front 423

retina

Back 423

the innermost tissue layer of the eyeball that contains light-sensitive receptor cells

Front 424

Rh Factor

Back 424

an antigen in blood, determines neg. or pos. blood

Front 425

rhizome

Back 425

an undergrown stem

Front 426

ribosome

Back 426

an organelle in the cytoplasm that contains RNA; serves as a site for protein synthesis

Front 427

rhodopsin

Back 427

the pigment in rod cells that causes light sensitivity

Front 428

rickettsia

Back 428

a type of virus/bacteria

Front 429

RNA

Back 429

ann abbreviation of ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid in which the sugar ribose; a product of DNA transcription that serves to control certain cell activities; acts as a template for protein translation; types include messenger, transfer, and ribosomal RNA

Front 430

rod

Back 430

a cell in the retina that is sensitive to weak light

Front 431

root hair

Back 431

outgrowths of a root's epidermal cells that allow for greater surface area for absorption of nutrients and water

Front 432

saprophyte

Back 432

an organism that obtains its nutrients from dead organisms

Front 433

secondary tissue

Back 433

tissue formed by the differentiation of cambium that causes a growth in of a plant stem

Front 434

selective breeding

Back 434

the creation of certain strains of specific traits through control of breeding

Front 435

self-population

Back 435

the transfer of pollen from the stamen to the pistil of the same flower

Front 436

semicircular canal

Back 436

fluid-filled structures in the inner ear that are associated with the sense of balance

Front 437

seminal fluid

Back 437

semen

Front 438

seminiferous tubules

Back 438

structures in the testes that produce sperm and semen

Front 439

sensory neurons

Back 439

a neuron that picks up impulses from receptors and transmits them to the spinal cord

Front 440

serum

Back 440

the fluid that remains after fibrinogen is removed from the blood plasma of vertebrates

Front 441

sex chromosome

Back 441

there are two types, X and Y. XX signifies a female and XY signifies a male. there are two fewer genes on the Y than on the X

Front 442

sex linkage

Back 442

occurs when certain traits are determined by genes on the sex chromosomes

Front 443

sinus

Back 443

a space in the body

Front 444

small intestine

Back 444

the site of most digestion of nutrients and absorption of digested nutrients

Front 445

smooth muscle

Back 445

involuntary muscle

Front 446

somatic cell

Back 446

any cell that is not a reproductive cell

Front 447

species

Back 447

a group of populations that can interbreed

Front 448

spermatogenesis

Back 448

the process of forming the sperm cells from primary spermatocytes

Front 449

spindle

Back 449

a structure that arises during mitosis and helps separate the chromosomes; composed of tubulin

Front 450

spiracle

Back 450

the external opening o the trachea in insects, opening into respiratory system

Front 451

sphincter

Back 451

a ring-shaped muscle that is capable of closing a tubular opening by constriction

Front 452

spore

Back 452

a reproductive cell that is capable of developing directly into an adult

Front 453

sporophyte

Back 453

an organisms that produces sperm

Front 454

stamen

Back 454

the part of the flower that produces pollen

Front 455

steroid

Back 455

one of a class of organic compounds that contains a molecular skeleton of four fused rings of carbon

Front 456

stigma

Back 456

the uppermost portion of pistil upon which pollen grains alight

Front 457

stoma (stomate)

Back 457

a microscopic opening located in the epidermis of a leaf and formed by a pair of guard cells; the guard cells interact physically and regulate the passage of gas between the internal cells and the external environment

Front 458

stomach

Back 458

the portion of alimentary canal in which some protein digestion occurs; its muscular walls churn food so it is more easily digested

Front 459

stroma

Back 459

a sense fluid within the chloroplast; the site at which CO2 is converted into sugars in photosynthesis

Front 460

style

Back 460

a stalklike or elongated body part, usually pointed at one end

Front 461

substrate

Back 461

a substance that is acted upon by an enzyme

Front 462

sucrase

Back 462

an enzyme that acts upon sucrose

Front 463

symbiosis

Back 463

the living together of two organisms in an intimate relationship

Front 464

sympathetic

Back 464

pertaining to a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system

Front 465

synapse

Back 465

the junction or gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrites of another neruon

Front 466

synergistic

Back 466

describes organisms that are cooperative in action

Front 467

synaptic terminal

Back 467

the swelling at the end of an axon

Front 468

synapsis

Back 468

the pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis

Front 469

systole

Back 469

the contraction of the atria or ventricles of the heart

Front 470

tiaga

Back 470

forest-like habitat zone

Front 471

taxonomy

Back 471

the science of classification of living things

Front 472

telophase

Back 472

a mitotic stage in which nuclei reform and nuclear membrane reappears

Front 473

test cross

Back 473

the breeding of an organism with a homozygous recessive in order to determine whether an organism is homozygous dominant or heterozygous dominant for a given trait

Front 474

testes

Back 474

the male gonads that produce sperm and hormones

Front 475

tetrad

Back 475

a pair of chromosome pairs present during the first metaphase of meiosis

Front 476

thalamus

Back 476

a lateral region of the forebrain

Front 477

thermoregulation

Back 477

the ways in which organisms regulate their internal heat

Front 478

thoracic duct

Back 478

a major lymphatic that empties lymph into a vein in the neck

Front 479

thorax

Back 479

the part of the body of an animal that is between the neck or head and the abdomen

Front 480

thrombin

Back 480

a substance that participates in the clotting of blood

Front 481

thrombokinase

Back 481

the enzyme released from the blood platelets in vertebrates during cotting

Front 482

thymine

Back 482

a pyrimidine component of nucleic acid and nucleotide; bonds with adenosine

Front 483

thymus

Back 483

a ductless gland in the upper chest region concerned with immunity and the maturation of lymphocytes

Front 484

thyroid

Back 484

an endocrine gland located in the neck that produces thyroxin

Front 485

thyroxin

Back 485

a hormone of the thyroid gland that regulates basal metabolism

Front 486

tissue

Back 486

a mass of cells that have similar structures and perform similar functions

Front 487

trachea

Back 487

an air-conducting tube

Front 488

transcription

Back 488

DNA codes are transcribes onto RNA

Front 489

translation

Back 489

RNA is translated into different proteins

Front 490

translocation

Back 490

the transfer of a piece of chromosome to another chromosome

Front 491

transpiration

Back 491

the evaporation of water from leaves or other exposed surfaces of plants

Front 492

trilobite

Back 492

a maine arthropod

Front 493

trypsin

Back 493

an enzyme from the pancreas that digests proteins in the small intestine

Front 494

tundra

Back 494

the biome located in the polar region and the tiaga

Front 495

turgor pressure

Back 495

pressure exerted by the contents of cell against the cell membrane or cell wall

Front 496

umbilicus

Back 496

the naval

Front 497

ungulate

Back 497

a hoofed animal

Front 498

uracil

Back 498

round in RNA but no in DNA, bonds with adenosine

Front 499

urea

Back 499

an excretory product of protein metabolism

Front 500

ureter

Back 500

a duct that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder

Front 501

urethra

Back 501

a duct though which urine passes from the bladder to the outside

Front 502

urinary bladder

Back 502

an organ that stores urine before it is excreted

Front 503

urine

Back 503

fluid excreted by the kidneys containing urea, water, salts, etc

Front 504

uterus

Back 504

the womb in which the fetus develops

Front 505

vacuole

Back 505

a space in the cytoplasm of a cell te contains fluids

Front 506

vagus nerve

Back 506

the tenth cranial nerve that innervates digestive organs, heart, and other areas

Front 507

vein

Back 507

a blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart from the capillaries

Front 508

ventral root

Back 508

the basal branch of each spinal nerve

Front 509

ventricle

Back 509

the more muscular chambers of the heart that pumps blood to the lungs and to the rest of the body

Front 510

vestigial organ

Back 510

an organ that is not functional in an organism, but was functional at some point in time

Front 511

villus

Back 511

a small projection in the walls of the small intestine that increase the surface area for absorption