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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an endoskeleton?
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skeleton within an animal
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What is an exoskeleton?
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skeleton that covers the animal
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What is a hydrostatic skeleton?
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fluid under pressure in a body compartment - found in acoelomates
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Where are spicules found?
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in sponges
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What kind of a skeleton does an elephant have?
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bony endoskeleton
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List four things found in muscle
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sarcomeres
nuclei myofibrils myofilaments |
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Units of muscle contraction are called ___.
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sarcomeres
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What is the function of tropomyosin?
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regulates actin mechanics
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What is myosin?
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thick filaments in sarcomeres
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What is actin?
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thin filaments in sarcomeres
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What is anthocyanine?
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water-soluble pigments found in flowers
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What ion reacts with the troponin complex to expose the myosin binding site?
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calcium ion
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What are antagonistic muscles?
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While one contracts, another relaxes
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What animals have an endoskeleton of hard, calcareous plates?
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echinoderms
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How do echinoderms achieve locomotion?
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tube feet
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Sea stars evert a feeding structure through an opening in their body. What structure is everted?
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stomach
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What does the water-vascular system do in echinoderms?
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functions in locomotion, feeding, gas exchange
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Are echinoderms suspension feeders suspension feeders?
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no
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How does the water-vascular system aid in feeding in echinoderms?
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Allows the echinoderm to attach to prey
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Chordate pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as what?
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suspension-feeding devices
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What first evolved in chondrichthyes?
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jaws
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From what class is there evidence that jaws first evolved?
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chondrichthyes
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What are two benefits that marsupials have over eutherian mammals?
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the female can have a baby in the pouch as well as in the uterus
helps conserve the mother's energy during times of scarcity |
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Why is it important that terrestrial vertebrates have specialized respiratory, circulatory and digestive systems?
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vertebrates use more energy on land
greater amounts of ATP need to be generated cellular respiration uses more oxygen and organic fuel |
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According to one hypothesis, the jaws of vertebrates were derived by modification of what?
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skeletal rods that supported pharyngeal slits
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What is a characteristic that is common to both osteichthyes and chondrichthyes?
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lateral line system (sensitive to pressure changes in water)
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What is a lateral line system?
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senses changes in water pressure
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Why is the amniotic egg an evolutionary breakthrough?
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it allows the embryo to develop in a terrestrial environment
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What extant animal is most closely related to dinosaurs?
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birds
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What did archaeopteryx have in common with extant birds?
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feathers
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Arrange these items in chronological order, concerning chordate evolution
Amniotic egg mammary glands jaws bony skeleton four limbs/feet with digits |
jaws
bony skeleton four limbs/feet with digits amniotic egg mammary glands |
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What is the difference between movement and locomotion?
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movement requires less energy than locomotion and may involve only a few body parts
locomotion is used to travel and includes all body parts |
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What are the four chordate characteristics?
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post-anal tail
dorsal, hollow nerve chord notochord pharyngeal gill slits |
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What is a notochord?
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linear series of fluid-filled cells that develops into cartilage or bone; support in embryo
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What is a dorsal, hollow nerve chord?
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develops from ectoderm; develops into the brain, spinal cord
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What are pharyngeal gill slits?
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develops into parts of the ears, throat, jaws
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What is the post-anus tail?
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houses the notochord and nerve chord; develops into a tail
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Animals of equal body mass use the least energy during locomotion when they are in what medium?
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water; swimming animals use the least amount of energy
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How are marine animals adapted to their environments, in terms of movement and locomotion?
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must overcome friction, but are also streamlined
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How are birds adapted to flying?
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lighter bones than other animals
fewer, or smaller organs |
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Why are the bones of birds so light?
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they have a honeycombed interior
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How many ovaries do female birds have and how is this an adaptation to flying?
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one; fewer organs makes the bird lighter
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What does the axial skeleton consist of?
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vertebrae, skull and ribs
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What does the axial skeleton protect?
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heart, lungs, brain
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What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?
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the girdles and their associated limbs
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What does the pectoral girdle hold?
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arms and hands
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What are two mammalian characteristics?
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mammary glands
differentiated teeth |
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What are mammary glands and how do they work?
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produce milk for the offspring; once the offspring are born, hormones promote the production of milk; contains nutrients for offspring
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Name the four types of teeth that mammals have
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molars
pre-molars incisors canines |
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What do the molars and pre-molars do?
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chew plants
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What are the incisors and canines best adapted to?
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chewing meat
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What is the difference in the larval stage and adult stage of the frog?
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tadpoles live in water; use a tail to move
adults live near water but can exist on land; limbs develop for locomotion |
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Why did animals move from water to land?
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resources were more abundant on land and there was less competition
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What structural adaptations took place in animals to adapt to a terrestrial lifestyle?
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urinary system became more efficient; better balance of salt and water
stronger skeletons developed for better support and protection |
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What is a gnathostome?
What is the significance of gnathostomes in terms of evolution? |
pleated marine animals
developed jaws |
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What is the significance of tetrapods in terms of evolution?
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developed 4 limbs used for locomotion
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What is the significance of the amniote in terms of evolution?
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amniotic egg, allowed for young animals to be born in terrestrial environments while avoiding dessication
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What is a monotreme?
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hatch from eggs outside of the mother's body
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What is a marsupial?
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embryos develop in the womb and at a particular age the baby moves to a pouch on the outside of the mother's body
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What is a eutherian?
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the embryo develops completely within the womb
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What are myofibrils?
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Muscles are composed of myofibrils; composed of thick and thin filaments
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What are thin filaments called?
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actin
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What are thick filaments called?
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myosin
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What is actin?
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thin filaments
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What is myosin?
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thick filaments
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What is a sarcomere?
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One contractile unit of muscle
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What is necessary for a muscle contraction?
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calcium ions
ATP |
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What is tropomyosin?
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located on thin filaments; covers the myosin-binding site
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Which ion reacts with the troponin complex to expose the myosin binding site?
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calcium ions
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What phylum are vertebrates part of?
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Chordata
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What do all chordates have in common?
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dorsal, hollow nerve chord
notochord post-anal tail pharyngeal slits |
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How does the subphylum urochordata obtain nutrients?
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suspension feeder; sessile
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How does subphylum urochordata complete gas exchange?
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incurrent and excurrent siphon
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How does urochordata digest food?
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complete digestive tract; esophagus, intestine, stomach and anus
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Are all craniates vertebrates?
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no
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In what phylum did pharyngeal gill slits first develop?
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craniates
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Are craniates more highly cephalized than non-cranites?
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no
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How are living craniates distinguished from other chordates?
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two clusters of Hox genes
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Name three features of the lamprey
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no external segmentation
no scales a round mouth surrounded by a sucker |
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In what phylum did jaws first develop?
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chondrichthyes
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What is dipnoi?
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lungfish
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What are lungfish?
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dipnoi
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What phylum do snakes belong to?
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reptilia
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In which phylum do animals have hair?
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mammalia
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What phylum are tetrapods that have two life stages?
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amphibia
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What phylum do dinosaurs belong to?
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reptilia
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What phylum has an amniotic egg and has scaly skin made of keratin?
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reptilia
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What phylum do operculums belong to?
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actinopterygii
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In what phylum does gas exchange in both skin and lungs?
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amphibia
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What phylum includes monotremes?
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mammalia
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What phylum had cartilaginous skeletons?
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chondrichthyes
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What phylum are birds a part of?
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reptilia
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What phylum do salamanders and frogs belong to?
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amphibia
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What phylum do sharks belong to?
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chondrichthyes
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What phylum has teeth differentiation?
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mammalia
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