Bio Reading 4.12-4.17; 5.1-5.2

Front 1

cellular respiration

Back 1

EXTRACT ENERGY

in the cells of plants and animals, high energy bonds of food molecules are broken down... releasing energy

Front 2

glycolysis

Back 2

splitting of sugar and it is the first step that all organisms on the planet take in breaking down food molecules

Front 3

3 steps in breaking down food

Back 3

glycolysis , the krebs cycle and the elctron transport chain

Front 4

pyruvate

Back 4

glucose broken down, turning intoo two molecules

Front 5

2 phases of glycolysis

Back 5

up hill prep phase and downhill payoff phase

Front 6

where does glycolysis take place

Back 6

in the cell cytoplasm

Front 7

how is the energy created from breaking chemical bonds in food molecules used

Back 7

to produce high energy molecules=> ATP and NADH

Front 8

shere do the pyruvate molecules go after glycolysis

Back 8

they move from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria

Front 9

step 1 of acetyl coA production

Back 9

each pyruvate molecule passes a high energy electron and proton to the electron carrier molecule NAD+= 2 NADH molecules

Front 10

step 2 of acetyl coa production

Back 10

2 pyruvate molecules each - a carbon atom and two oxygen atoms and released as co2=> diffuse out of the cell and eventually out of organism ( in humans they are released when we exhale)

Front 11

step 3 of acetyl coa production

Back 11

coenzyme A attatches itself to remains of each pyruvate molecule producing two molecules called acetyl coa... each of those goes into krebs cycle

Front 12

step 1 of the krebs cycle

Back 12

an acetyl-coa molecule enters the cucle and binds to oxaloacetate, creating a six carbon molecule

Front 13

step 2 of krebs cycle

Back 13

high energy electron carriers are made and carbon dioxide is exhaled
six carbon molecule donates electrons to NAD+, creating NADH
two carbon molecules are released into the atmosphere

Front 14

step 3 of krebs cycle

Back 14

oxaloacetate is reformed, ATP is generated, and more high energy electron carriers are formed

remaining 4 carbon molecule is rearranged to form oxaloacetate, ATP is formed and electron sare passed to NADH and FADH2

Front 15

glycolysis

Back 15

the six carbon starting point
glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate
no carbons are removed

Front 16

preparation for the krebs cycle

Back 16

two carbons are released
two pyruvate molecules are modified to enter the krebs cycle and they each lose a carbon atom tin the form of the two molecules of carbon dioxide

Front 17

krebs cycle

Back 17

last four carbons are released a total of four carbon atoms enter the krebs cycle in the form of acetyl -coA for each turn of the krebs cycle, two molecules of carbon dioxide are released. so the two final carbons are released into the atmosphere

Front 18

what happens to any additional energy used in glycolysis

Back 18

pyruvate is chemically modified, then in krebs cycle modified pyruvate broken down=> release co2 into the atmosphere, and captures some of the released energy in two atp molecules

Front 19

elements of the electron transport chain

Back 19

during each step in sequence of electron transport chain each electron looses a little bit of energy

Front 20

what happens at the end of the electron transport chain

Back 20

low energy electron sare handed off to oxygen, which then combines with free H+ ions to form water

Front 21

step 1. cellular respiration

Back 21

1. glucose breaks into 2 pyruvate molecules yield ATP

Front 22

where in the cell does cellular respiration take place

Back 22

mitochondria

Front 23

step 2 cellular respiration

Back 23

acetyl co-A is created as pyruvate breaks down and yields co2 adn then coenzyme A attatches itself to the remaining pyruvate

Front 24

step 3. krebs cycle

Back 24

acetyl co-A goes into the krebs cycle binds with oxaloacetate=> six carbon molecule+ NAD+= NADH=> 2 co2 molecules into the atmosphere = which means 6 turns into 4 molecule carbon TOTAL YIELD= NADH, FADH2 AND ATP

Front 25

step four electron transport chain

Back 25

electrons bind with oxygen to create water and atp

Front 26

fermentation

Back 26

process by which cell respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen

Front 27

oxygen deficiency limits breakdown of ____ because _________________ chain requires oxygen as the final acceptor of ___________ during chemical reactions of glycolysis and krebs cycle

Back 27

fuel; electron transport; electrons

Front 28

2 features of DNA

Back 28

1 DNA are passed down from parent to offspring
2 instructions on how to create a body and control its growth, development, and behavior are encoded in dna molecule

Front 29

nucleotides
what do they contain

Back 29

individual units in DNA and have 3 components a molecule of sugar, phosphate group , and a nitrogen containing molecule- base

Front 30

DNA is a ______________ a macromolecule that stores info. consists of individual units called___________ ... consists of a sugar, phosphate group and nitrogen containing base

Back 30

nucleic acid; nucleotides

Front 31

a

Back 31

a