Bio Quiz 5

Front 1

anagenesis

Back 1

results from heritable changes through time that cause differences in species characteristics (i.e. phenotypes, genotypes, behaviors)

Front 2

cladogenesis

Back 2

results from speciation event such as geographic isolation (allopatric speciation) or reproductive isolation within a given population (sympatric speciation)

Front 3

hominoids

Back 3

type of primates (apes); includes gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans

Front 4

hominids

Back 4

humans and their closest extinct relatives

present day people = homo sapiens

Front 5

cranial projection

Back 5

measurement that gives an indication of the relative shape of the cranium relative to the eyes (does the cranium project well above the eyes?)

Front 6

face width and jaw muscles

Back 6

measurement of the bizygomatic breadth (face width from one zygomatic arch to the other) and the length of the bone behind the supraorbital brow ridge

Front 7

facial projection

Back 7

an index of the flatness of the face

flatter face is more advantageous for upright posture and allows for a larger cranium

Front 8

Position of the foramen magnum relative to the length of the head

Back 8

foramen magnum = hole at the bottom of the skull where the spinal cord enters the skull and where the vertebrae attach to the skull.
*the foramen magnum is just past the center of the skull, which is typical for bipedal organisms

Front 9

cranial size

Back 9

the relative cranial size estimated by height, length, and width of the cranium

Front 10

ecology

Back 10

area of science involving complex interactions between living organisms and the environment around them

Front 11

population ecology

Back 11

influences of the environment on a population and influences of the population on the environment

Front 12

population

Back 12

a group of individuals of a single species living and interbreeding within an given area

Front 13

rate of growth of a population

Back 13

determined by four factors: births, deaths, immigrations, and emigrations

Front 14

demography

Back 14

the study of age-specific and other statistical factors influencing the size of the population

Front 15

life tables

Back 15

the way population demographics determined thru research are organized

2 types of life tables:
1. cohort life tables = group of individuals under study are born in the same season or at the same time, following each individual thru their lifespan and and estimating age-specific fecundity
2. static life tables

Front 16

fecundity

Back 16

reproductive rate

Front 17

symbols to know for population ecology lab

Back 17

x = age class

sx = survival in age class
sx = (# alive in age class) / [(# alive in age class) + (# dead in age class)]

lx = probability of surviving to age class x

bx = age-specific fecundity; the # of female offspring produced by a female during age class x
bx = [(# of offspring in age class) / (# of females in age class)] x 0.5

Ro = net reproductive rate; the number of female progeny produced by a female during its lifetime
Ro = (l1b1 + l2b2 + l3b3...) where 1,2,3 are different age classes
when Ro = 1, an individual replaces itself exactly. when Ro < 1, population is decreasing. when Ro > 1, population is increasing

Front 18

total population size

Back 18

N = [(total # in pop. with a mark) (# of living animals caught in trapping bout)] / # of recaptures this trapping bout

Front 19

radio telemetry

Back 19

use of radio signals to find tagged animals in a population

can help lead you to an animals physical location, locate animals many miles away, and determine birth/death rates

Front 20

species

Back 20

a group of organisms that are similar in appearance and are capable of interbreeding

Front 21

community

Back 21

a group comprised of all the populations of various species within a given area

Front 22

ecosystem

Back 22

a combination of the community and abiotic environment within a given area

Front 23

habitat

Back 23

a particular environment within an ecosystem in which the organism lives

stream habitats = pools, riffles

Front 24

pools

Back 24

portion of a stream where the water moves slowly are usually associated with deeper sections of the of the stream

Front 25

riffles

Back 25

sections where the water moves rapidly and are usually associated with shallower sections of the stream

Front 26

microhabitats

Back 26

small pockets of unique environments
ex. bottom of pools in streams

Front 27

generalists

Back 27

organisms that can live in a variety of different habitats

Front 28

specialists

Back 28

organisms that are confined to limited habitats

Front 29

niche

Back 29

the specific environmental requirements of an organism that allow it to live in a certain area

the organism's "occupation" in an environment

Front 30

metamorphosis

Back 30

the process of insects developing from one stage of life to another

Front 31

incomplete metamorphosis

Back 31

young individuals (nymphs) resemble the adults

Front 32

complete metamorphosis

Back 32

young individuals (larvae) do not resemble adults