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52 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
merkel's disc
touch receptor
meissner's corpuscle
touch receptor
hair follicle receptor
touch receptor
pacinian corpuscle
vibration receptor
ruffini's ending
stretch receptor
generator potential
a local change in the resting potential of a receptor cell that mediates between the impact of stimuli and the initiation of action potentials
pacinian corpuscle action steps
1. mechanical stimulation deforms the corpuscle
2. deformation of the corpuscle stretches the tip of the axon
3. stretching the axon opens mechanically gated ion channels in the membrane allowing sodium ions to enter
4. when the generator potential reaches threshold, the axon produces action potential
tonic receptor
a receptor in which the frequency of action potentials declines slowly or not at all as stimulation is maintained
phasic receptor
a receptor in which the frequency of action potentials drops rapidly as stimulation is maintained
labeled lines
the concept that certain nerves to the brain are designated as representing certain stimuli
receptive field
area of stimulation "space" that best activates the neuron, either on-center and off-surround or off-center and on-surround
thalamic bottleneck
a large number of sensory neurons converge to the thalamus, then diverge to many parts of the brain
Child worksheet odor study (Herz, 1999)
children have negative emotional experience with a certain smell, then work on worksheet with either same smell, different, or no odor. when same smell, do worst, different, slightly better, no smell, best.
chemotopy
similar molecules make similar patterns
evolutionary odor usage in humans
mothers use odor to identify their own children, Kaitz (1987)
speaking a heard word, steps
1. from primary auditory cortex t Wernicke's area
2. Wernicke's area analyzes the sound info
3. info transmitted through the arcuate fasticulus to Broca's area
4. From Broca's area to motor cortex
5. Motor cortex implements the plan
Broca's area
part of the brain used in speech production
Wernicke's area
part of the brain used in speech comprehension
place theory
a theory of frequency discrimination stating that pitch perception depends on the place of maximal displacement of the basilar membrane produced by a sound
volley theory
a theory of frequency discrimination that emphasizes the relation between sound frequency and the firing pattern of nerve cells
duplex theory
the idea that humans trace the location of sound both by how loud the sound is in each ear, and in timing differences of the sound in each ear
purkinje cells
output cells of cerebellum, send outputs to other parts of the brain, involved in muscle control
basal ganglia: parts
striatum (caudate, putamen), nucleus accumbens, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus
ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens, associated processes
reward and addiction
cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome
problems with planning, abstract reasoning, verbal fluency, working memory
subcortical dementia
basal ganglia, thalamus, brainstem
slowed cognition, impaired decision making
parkinson's disease
impulsivity, mood disturbances, some dementia

loss of dopamine neurons in substantia nigra - less inhibition to indirect, less excitation of direct, ataxia, rigidity
huntington's disease
slowed cognition, poor recall, executive dysfunction, mood alterations

loss of neurons in striatum, less inhibition to indirect pathway, less inhibition of thalamic projections, jerky movements
RHT
projection of light from the Retinas to the Hypothalamus

when lesioned, entrainment abolished, Zucker 1980
entrainment
synchronization with the outside world
SCN
suprachriasmatic nuclei
RHT projects onto these two nuclei
important in circadian clock, when lesioned or removed, circadian clock fails
necessary for circadian clock (sufficient)
SCN transplant study
when SCN are removed, loss of circadian rhythms

when other SCN are transplanted, but not have neural connections restored, circadian rhythms still restored - some factor released from SCN controls rhythms

can transplant circadian rhythms when you transplant SCN between species
cellular rhythm proteins
period- per
cryptochrome - cry

Per and cry bind to Tau, percrytau complex enters nucleus and inhibits transcription of per and cry

percrytau complex degrades approximately every 24 hours, making more per and cry
sheep study - rhythm
sheep conceive in winter in preparation for the growth of plants and increase in food in spring
hamster study - rhythm
hamster testes weight increases on longer daylight periods, due to reproduction during the summer
melatonin
secreted at night, as long as it is dark, duration of melatonin release is important, amount is not

melatonin release duration encodes day length
mouse depression study
mice put into bucket of water, see how long they swim trying to escape. also put mice in elevated maze with two open arms and two closed arms. measure time on open arms (exploration) vs. closed arms (fear)

measure oscillation periods between swimming and floating (dejection)

day length correlates with the amount of "depression" felt
aspects of emotion (4)
feelings - private and subjective internal changes
actions
physiological arousal
motivational programs - affect behavior
evolutionary purpose of emotions
assist in generating appropriate action in emergency events
Seven emotions
disgust, fear, surprise, happiness, sadness, anger, contempt
similarity of emission
universality of emotions

blind children's facial expressions are similar to sighted children's

cross-cultural similarities
"folk" theory of emotional response
stimulus (bang!)
perception/interpretation (danger)
emotion experienced (fear)
specific pattern of autonomic arousal (heart races, etc.)

emotion produces arousal
James-Lange Theory of emotional response
Stimulus (bang!)
perception/interpretation (danger)
specific pattern of autonomic arousal (heart races, etc.)
particular emotion experienced (fear)

our interpretation of physical arousal produces emotion
Cannon-Bard theory of emotional response
stimulus (bang!)
perception/interpretation (danger)
simultaneous arousal and emotion

arousal and emotion occur simultaneously and separately
Schacter's cognitive theory of emotional response
similar to Cannon-Bard but we label our responses with cognitive mechanisms

mix of Cannon-Bard and James-Lange
rage study
cut the hypothalamus area to 'decorticate' a dog or cat

showed that posterior hypothalamus generates rage
cerebral cortex inhibits rage

when decorticated, showed rage in inappropriate situations

showed that mammilary bodies associated with rage, when cut off, lost rage
mammilary bodies
part of the brain associated with rage inhibition
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
temporal lobe damage, lesions of amygdala
indiscriminate hypersexuality
parts of the limbic system (the big ones)
cingulate cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus
S.M.
amygdala damage
impaired emotion recognition in others' faces
problem fixed when instructed to look at the eyes
rat fear condition experiment
pairing of foot shock and shining of a light

when amygdala is removed, rats don't learn to fear associated stimulus, nor lose that fear... considering they never had it
evidence for necessity of SCN
1. SCN receive direct retinal input
2. Lesions of the RHT selectively abolish entrainment
3. Lesions of the SCN abolish multiple circadian rhythms
4. SCN exhibits 24h firing rate in isolation in vivo (and in vitro)