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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
merkel's disc
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touch receptor
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meissner's corpuscle
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touch receptor
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hair follicle receptor
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touch receptor
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pacinian corpuscle
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vibration receptor
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ruffini's ending
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stretch receptor
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generator potential
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a local change in the resting potential of a receptor cell that mediates between the impact of stimuli and the initiation of action potentials
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pacinian corpuscle action steps
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1. mechanical stimulation deforms the corpuscle
2. deformation of the corpuscle stretches the tip of the axon 3. stretching the axon opens mechanically gated ion channels in the membrane allowing sodium ions to enter 4. when the generator potential reaches threshold, the axon produces action potential |
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tonic receptor
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a receptor in which the frequency of action potentials declines slowly or not at all as stimulation is maintained
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phasic receptor
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a receptor in which the frequency of action potentials drops rapidly as stimulation is maintained
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labeled lines
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the concept that certain nerves to the brain are designated as representing certain stimuli
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receptive field
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area of stimulation "space" that best activates the neuron, either on-center and off-surround or off-center and on-surround
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thalamic bottleneck
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a large number of sensory neurons converge to the thalamus, then diverge to many parts of the brain
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Child worksheet odor study (Herz, 1999)
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children have negative emotional experience with a certain smell, then work on worksheet with either same smell, different, or no odor. when same smell, do worst, different, slightly better, no smell, best.
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chemotopy
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similar molecules make similar patterns
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evolutionary odor usage in humans
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mothers use odor to identify their own children, Kaitz (1987)
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speaking a heard word, steps
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1. from primary auditory cortex t Wernicke's area
2. Wernicke's area analyzes the sound info 3. info transmitted through the arcuate fasticulus to Broca's area 4. From Broca's area to motor cortex 5. Motor cortex implements the plan |
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Broca's area
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part of the brain used in speech production
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Wernicke's area
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part of the brain used in speech comprehension
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place theory
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a theory of frequency discrimination stating that pitch perception depends on the place of maximal displacement of the basilar membrane produced by a sound
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volley theory
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a theory of frequency discrimination that emphasizes the relation between sound frequency and the firing pattern of nerve cells
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duplex theory
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the idea that humans trace the location of sound both by how loud the sound is in each ear, and in timing differences of the sound in each ear
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purkinje cells
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output cells of cerebellum, send outputs to other parts of the brain, involved in muscle control
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basal ganglia: parts
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striatum (caudate, putamen), nucleus accumbens, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus
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ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens, associated processes
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reward and addiction
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cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome
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problems with planning, abstract reasoning, verbal fluency, working memory
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subcortical dementia
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basal ganglia, thalamus, brainstem
slowed cognition, impaired decision making |
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parkinson's disease
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impulsivity, mood disturbances, some dementia
loss of dopamine neurons in substantia nigra - less inhibition to indirect, less excitation of direct, ataxia, rigidity |
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huntington's disease
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slowed cognition, poor recall, executive dysfunction, mood alterations
loss of neurons in striatum, less inhibition to indirect pathway, less inhibition of thalamic projections, jerky movements |
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RHT
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projection of light from the Retinas to the Hypothalamus
when lesioned, entrainment abolished, Zucker 1980 |
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entrainment
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synchronization with the outside world
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SCN
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suprachriasmatic nuclei
RHT projects onto these two nuclei important in circadian clock, when lesioned or removed, circadian clock fails necessary for circadian clock (sufficient) |
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SCN transplant study
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when SCN are removed, loss of circadian rhythms
when other SCN are transplanted, but not have neural connections restored, circadian rhythms still restored - some factor released from SCN controls rhythms can transplant circadian rhythms when you transplant SCN between species |
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cellular rhythm proteins
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period- per
cryptochrome - cry Per and cry bind to Tau, percrytau complex enters nucleus and inhibits transcription of per and cry percrytau complex degrades approximately every 24 hours, making more per and cry |
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sheep study - rhythm
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sheep conceive in winter in preparation for the growth of plants and increase in food in spring
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hamster study - rhythm
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hamster testes weight increases on longer daylight periods, due to reproduction during the summer
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melatonin
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secreted at night, as long as it is dark, duration of melatonin release is important, amount is not
melatonin release duration encodes day length |
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mouse depression study
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mice put into bucket of water, see how long they swim trying to escape. also put mice in elevated maze with two open arms and two closed arms. measure time on open arms (exploration) vs. closed arms (fear)
measure oscillation periods between swimming and floating (dejection) day length correlates with the amount of "depression" felt |
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aspects of emotion (4)
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feelings - private and subjective internal changes
actions physiological arousal motivational programs - affect behavior |
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evolutionary purpose of emotions
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assist in generating appropriate action in emergency events
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Seven emotions
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disgust, fear, surprise, happiness, sadness, anger, contempt
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similarity of emission
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universality of emotions
blind children's facial expressions are similar to sighted children's cross-cultural similarities |
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"folk" theory of emotional response
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stimulus (bang!)
perception/interpretation (danger) emotion experienced (fear) specific pattern of autonomic arousal (heart races, etc.) emotion produces arousal |
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James-Lange Theory of emotional response
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Stimulus (bang!)
perception/interpretation (danger) specific pattern of autonomic arousal (heart races, etc.) particular emotion experienced (fear) our interpretation of physical arousal produces emotion |
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Cannon-Bard theory of emotional response
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stimulus (bang!)
perception/interpretation (danger) simultaneous arousal and emotion arousal and emotion occur simultaneously and separately |
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Schacter's cognitive theory of emotional response
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similar to Cannon-Bard but we label our responses with cognitive mechanisms
mix of Cannon-Bard and James-Lange |
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rage study
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cut the hypothalamus area to 'decorticate' a dog or cat
showed that posterior hypothalamus generates rage cerebral cortex inhibits rage when decorticated, showed rage in inappropriate situations showed that mammilary bodies associated with rage, when cut off, lost rage |
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mammilary bodies
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part of the brain associated with rage inhibition
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Kluver-Bucy syndrome
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temporal lobe damage, lesions of amygdala
indiscriminate hypersexuality |
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parts of the limbic system (the big ones)
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cingulate cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus
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S.M.
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amygdala damage
impaired emotion recognition in others' faces problem fixed when instructed to look at the eyes |
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rat fear condition experiment
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pairing of foot shock and shining of a light
when amygdala is removed, rats don't learn to fear associated stimulus, nor lose that fear... considering they never had it |
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evidence for necessity of SCN
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1. SCN receive direct retinal input
2. Lesions of the RHT selectively abolish entrainment 3. Lesions of the SCN abolish multiple circadian rhythms 4. SCN exhibits 24h firing rate in isolation in vivo (and in vitro) |