Bio Psych Exam 2 Berta

Front 1

Quantitative Traits

Back 1

Continuous values, influenced by many genes and environment

Front 2

Strategy of quantitative genetics

Back 2

Hold genetics or environment constant and see the effect of the other

Front 3

3 Basic human behavioral genetic methods

Back 3

1: Family Studies
2: Adoption Studies
3: Twin Studies

Front 4

Family Studies Rationale
Advantage
Disadvantage

Back 4

The closer the relationships, the family members will be alike because they share more genes and environment.
Can't separate genetics form environment

Front 5

Familiality

Back 5

Phenotype runs in families

Front 6

Adoption Studies
Pros/cons

Back 6

Baby adopted to non-relative shortly after birth
Correlation of adopted child's traits with genetic or other genetic relatives is due to genetics not environment. Correlation of adopted child's traits with adoptive parents is due to environment not genetics.
Cons: Baby share mother’s body for 9 months (maternal effect), selective placement of baby, overestimating genetic effects, Place baby with parents with similar environments

Front 7

Twin Studies
Pros/cons

Back 7

More performed cause its cheaper.
Possible problem: MZ twins share more environment with each other than DZ twins.

Front 8

Mz Twins

Back 8

Monozygotic Twins: Identical Twins

Front 9

Dz Twins

Back 9

Dizygotic Twins: Fraternal Twins

Front 10

What does an equal correlation between MZ twins and DZ twins imply about heritability?

Back 10

no genetic effect

Front 11

What does an MZ twin correlation greater than a DZ twin correlation imply about heritability?

Back 11

a genetic effect

Front 12

What is heritability?

Back 12

% of differences for a trait in population that is due to differences in genetics. (diff genetics/ diff traits) Tells about population differences and not about an individual.

Front 13

Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart (Thomas Bouchard): What is the rationale for separated twin studies?

Back 13

eliminates shared environment as a factor – similarities must be due to genetics – compared to twins reared together) Used both MZ and DZ twins. Gave much higher estimate of heritability of IQ than other methods (.75 vs. .50)

Front 14

Anatomy

Back 14

Study of structure of the body and its parts

Front 15

Physiology

Back 15

Study of the function of the body and its parts

Front 16

Nervous System Layout

Back 16

peripheral, central, autonomic (afferent, efferent nerves), somatic (afferent, efferent nerves), sympathetic and parasympathetic

Front 17

Central Nervous System

Back 17

CNS: Located within skull and spine. Receives, processes, and send signals to the peripheral ns

Front 18

Peripheral Nervous System

Back 18

PNS: Located outside skull and spine. Carries info to and from CNS made from two parts. The somatic and autonomic

Front 19

Somatic Nervous System

Back 19

Interacts with external environment. responsible for stimulating muscle contraction, including all the non-sensory neurons connected with skeletal muscles and skin.

Front 20

Autonomic Nervous System

Back 20

acts as a control system, functioning largely below the level of consciousness, and controls visceral functions.[1] The ANS affects heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, salivation, perspiration, pupillary dilation, micturition (urination), and sexual arousal.

Front 21

Afferent nerves

Back 21

Caries sensory signals from skin, skeletal, muscles, joints to cns within somatic NS. Carries motor signals from internal organs to cns within afferent nerves

Front 22

Efferent Nerves

Back 22

Carries motor signals from CNS to Skeletal muscles in Somatic NS. Carries motor signals to internal organs from CNS to sympathetic and parasympathetic within autonomic ns

Front 23

Sympathetic

Back 23

aids in the control of most of the body's internal organs.

Front 24

Parasympathetic

Back 24

responsible for stimulation of "rest-and-digest" or "feed and breed.

Front 25

Cranial Nerves

Back 25

They are the nerve fibers which carry information into and out of the brain stem. They include smell, vision, eye, eye muscles, mouth, vision,. Taste, ear, neck, shoulders and tongue. 23 pairs

Front 26

Conventional Functions of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System

Back 26

1: Sympathetic Nerves stimulates, organizes and mobilize energy resources for emergencies (fight or flight)
2: Parasympathetic Nerves conserve energy
3: Each organ is controlled by relative levels of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity
4: Sympathetic changes indicate psychological arousal
5: Parasympathetic changes indicate psychological relaxation

Front 27

Common sense view of emotions

Back 27

We sense something, experience emotion, have physiological response

Front 28

James-Lange View of Emotions

Back 28

We have the physiological response before the experience of the emotion (experience takes place in cortex) Assuming different patterns of physiological responses for different emotions. Some differences have been found but overlap for many emotions

Front 29

Cannon-Bard View of Emotions

Back 29

Experiences of emotions are independent but parallel with physiological responses to a stimulus

Front 30

Schacter-Singer View of Emotions

Back 30

Labels physiological responses as different emotions depending on the situation. Assumes physiological responses to emotional stimuli are similar

Front 31

Modern Bio-psychological View

Back 31

Each of the 3 emotions influence each other. Can take into account feed back for situation in labeling the emotion

Front 32

Central Nervous System

Back 32

CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord

Front 33

Protection for the brain and spinal cord

Back 33

1: Skull and Backbone
2: 3 meninges (dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater)
3: Cerebral Spinal Fluid System
4: Blood-brain brain barrier

Front 34

Cerebral spinal fluid system

Back 34

Colorless fluid that circulates through CNS. Goes through 3 openings 1 sub-arachnoid space. CSF made in choroids plexuses.

Front 35

Cerebral Ventricles

Back 35

4 internal chambers of the brain

Front 36

Lumbar Puncture

Back 36

Spinal Tap. needles inserted between 3rd and 4th or 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrates. Most often used for diagnose meningitis

Front 37

Hydrocephalus

Back 37

Blockage to the CSF system. Results in expansion of the brain, can occur in babies, empedes development of the brain which often leads to cognitive impairment.
Treatment: Answer: remove the blockage, valve in ventricle that shunts CSF through a tube to the gut

Front 38

Functions of CSF System

Back 38

1: Cushioning CNS
2: Helps supply some nourishment to the CNS
3: Involved in removing some waste from CNS

Front 39

Blood Brain Barrier

Back 39

Capillaries run through the brain. oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through it, glucose transported across it, big molecules are blocked

Front 40

Postremia

Back 40

Detects toxins in blood and induces vomiting

Front 41

Gray Matter

Back 41

Mostly cell bodies and unmyelinated inter neurons. In spinal cord. Inner H

Front 42

White Matter

Back 42

Surrounding H. Mostly Myelinated axons

Front 43

Darsal Neurons

Back 43

Sensory (affarent) neurons

Front 44

Ventral Neurons

Back 44

Motor (efferent) neurons

Front 45

What is the stretch reflex?

Back 45

A reflex elicited by a sudden external stretching force on a muscle. Try to compensate for sudden changes.

Front 46

Brain: Overview

Back 46

Forebrain controls midbrain, midbrain controls hindbrain; Myelencephalon (medulla)

Front 47

Major brain structures and associated functions

Back 47

Forebrain controls the midbrain
Midbrain controls the hindbrain
Hindbrain and Midbrain involved with life processes
Midbrain also involved with elementary sensory processing
Forebrain involved with high level cognitive processes (executive processes)

Front 48

Reticular Formation

Back 48

Involved in sleep, attention, movement, maintaining muscle tone and cardiac and respiratory functions.

Front 49

Metencephalon

Back 49

cerebellum (10% of mass of brain, more than half of brain’s neurons). Receives information from the spinal and pons. From spinal cord information about the body's position in space. From pons, information from the cortex abated intended movements. Cerebellum calculates movements necessary to achieve the goal. Plays role in learning, requires a sequence of movements require precise timing. Alcohol affects cerebellum soon after ingestion

Front 50

Mesencephaonlon

Back 50

Midbrain composed of tectum (dorsel) and Tegmentum

Front 51

Tectum

Back 51

Composed of Superior Collieulus and inferior colliculus. Superior receives info from retina (eye) and inferior receives info from ear.

Front 52

Superior Collieulus

Back 52

Receives info from retina

Front 53

Inferior Colieulus

Back 53

Receives info from ear

Front 54

Substantia Nigra

Back 54

Involved in Parkinson's

Front 55

Diencephalon

Back 55

Forebrain: composed of Thalamus and Hypothalamus

Front 56

Thalamus

Back 56

Relay of sensory information

Front 57

Hypothalamus

Back 57

Controls pituitary, sexual behavior, eating. Controls Pituitary gland which then controls endocrine gland

Front 58

Telencephalon

Back 58

Largest division of the human brain. Mediates brain's most complex functions such as initiating voluntary movement, interpret sensory input, and directs learning, speaking, and problem solving.

Front 59

Fissure

Back 59

Large furrows in brain

Front 60

Sulcus

Back 60

Small furrows

Front 61

Gyrus

Back 61

Ridge between fissures and sulci

Front 62

Advantage of convolutions

Back 62

can pack more brain tissue into the skull

Front 63

Longitudinal Fissure

Back 63

Divides 2 hemisphers

Front 64

Dentral and Lateral fissures

Back 64

Help makr out the 4 lobes of the brain

Front 65

Tracts

Back 65

bundles of axons which connect one part of the brain to another and to the spinal cord, within the white matter:

Front 66

Limbic System

Back 66

It supports a variety of functions, including emotion, behavior, motivation, long-term memory, and olfaction.[3] It appears to be primarily responsible for our emotional life, and has a great deal to do with the formation of memories.

Front 67

Amygdala

Back 67

Emotional reactions, anger, fear, recognizing fear in others

Front 68

Hippocampus

Back 68

Involved with consolidting memory transferring from stm to ltm

Front 69

Basal Ganglia

Back 69

associated with a variety of functions, including voluntary motor control, procedural learning relating to routine behaviors or "habits" such as bruxism, eye movements, and cognitive, emotional functions.

Front 70

Frontal Lobes

Back 70

Broca's Area: speaking

Front 71

Occipital Lobes

Back 71

Analyze visual info. Primary visual cortex

Front 72

Parietal Lobes

Back 72

Post Central gyrus: Analyzes sensations from body (touch)
Remaining part perceives location of objects and of our bodies directing attention

Front 73

Temporal Lobes

Back 73

Superior: Hearing and language
Hearing: Primary Auditory Cortex
Wernicke's Area: Language Comprehension

Front 74

Aphasia

Back 74

A brain (damaged) produced deficit in the ability to use or comprehend language

Front 75

Broca's Aphasia

Back 75

Expressive aphasia. Normal comprehension of both written and spoken language. Speech meaningful but slow, labored, disjointed, and poorly articulated

Front 76

Wernicke's aphasia

Back 76

Receptive aphasia. Disorder of language comprehension in both spoken and written language with no associated deficits in speech production. May speak in long sentences that have no meaning. May create new words (neologisms)