Bio Psych Exam 2

Front 1

ligand gated channel

Back 1

ionotropic receptor/ open by ligand

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g- protein coupled receptor

Back 2

do not work on its own/ work by coupling with g protein/ some work independent of g protein

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Gs protein

Back 3

stimulatory receptor- Gs- activates enzyme- reacts- ATP- protein

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Gi protein

Back 4

Gi- inhibitory- turn off protein

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Gq protein

Back 5

Gq- diff. system of activation ( no interaction with adenylyl- interacts with phosphal lipid...)

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PIP2

Back 6

PIP2- one specie phosphallypose cuts head off (that likes water)

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IP3

Back 7

IP3- result, calcium channels, calcium goes out to the cell

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DAG

Back 8

DAG- fatty part now exposed interact with protein

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Neurotransmitter

Back 9

we use to communicate with brain

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EPSP(depolarization)

Back 10

bigger when more channels

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IPSP(hyperpolarization)

Back 11

when cell slightly activated, makes cell negative kept away from treshold

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sumation

Back 12

total of... inputs on cell (spatial-multiple inputs at diff. places)

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Agonists

Back 13

A chem. that binds to and activates a receptor

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antagonists

Back 14

a chemical that binds to a receptor and prevents its activation

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Direct

Back 15

competitive binding

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Indirect

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non-competitive binding

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Neurotransmitter criteria

Back 17

1. in terminal 2. Ca2+ dependent release 3. Subject to inactivation 4. synaptic mimicry 5. receptors exist

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acetylcholine

Back 18

broken down(inactivate) by acetylcholinesterase (AChE).

acetyl-CoA = cofactor that supplies acetate for the synthesis of acetylcholine

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Amino Acid neurotransmittes

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1. Workhorses of the CNS 2. Overall roll 3. receptors

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Glutamate

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13 types of receptors

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NMDA

Back 21

of great interest correlates with learning. sodium + calcium comes in. ball in pore is Mg(magnesium)- if there no ions can flow through/activate cell and make it less negative and Mg+ goes away

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GABA

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y-aminbutyric acid. GAD turns glutamate into GABA and CO2

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Two families of GABA

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GABAa receptors and GABAb receptors

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GABAa receptors

Back 24

-allows Cl- ions in result in hypolarization -alot of binding sites

Front 25

GABAb receptors

Back 25

-G- protein coupled - K+ hypolarization

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Acetylcholine

Back 26

- first discovered/ many diff. receptors for acetylcholine

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psychopharmacology

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the study of drugs on the ns and on behavior

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Drug effect

Back 28

the changes a drug produces in animals physiological processes and behavior

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site of action

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a location at which molecules of drug interact with molecules located on or in cells of the body, thus affecting some biochemical processes of these cells

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pharmacokinetics

Back 30

process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted

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exogenous

Back 31

outside of body

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endogenous

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inside the body(used to test hypothesis of whats going on inside the body)

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precursor

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a substance from which another substance is formed (tb says its a agonist)

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peptides

Back 34

string of amino acids

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intravenous (iv) injection

Back 35

injection to the vein/ fastest/ disadvantage increased skill and care required

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intraperitoneal l(IP) injection

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injected to abdominal wall into the peritoneal cavity- space surrounds stomach, intestines, liver, abdominal organs( most common for lab animals)

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intramusclar (IM) injection

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direct to muscle(capillaries that supply the muscle)

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subcutaneous (SC) injection

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injected into space beneath skin(small amounts)

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oral administration

Back 39

most common to humans/ some cannot because stomach acid could destroy it

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sublingual administration

Back 40

placing them beneath tongue/ absorbed into bloodstream by capillaries that supply the mucous membrane that lines the mouth

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intrarectal administration

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rarely used/ drugs up the butt in the form of suppositories

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inhalation

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smoke/inhale weed nicotine cocaine

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topical administration

Back 43

creams ex. sunscreen

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insuffation

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cocaine/ mucous membrane lining the nasal passages different than inhalation because ends up in nasal passages not lungs

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intracerebral administration

Back 45

inject small amount of drug in brain/ study effects a drug has to specific region of the brain

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intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration

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inject drug into cerebral ventricle, absorbed into brain tissue/ rare to humans unless to treat people with antibiotics in the brain

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blood-brain barrier

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only for water soluble molecules/ lipids get through heroin > morphine

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excretion

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many drugs are deactivated by enzymes and excreted by kidneys/liver plays a role in enzymatic deactivation of drugs some also in blood also the brain/ transformed molecule is even more active than the one administered

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dose-response curve

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various drugs and amounts and effects plotted/ heavier needs more amount/ doses reach a limit after equals no effect

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therapeutic index

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Drug margain of safety

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Drug effectiveness

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different sites of action/ drug affinity(readiness with which the two molecules join together) with its site of action/ high affinity produce effects at low concentration

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tolerance

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effects of a drug not constant and soon diminish

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sensitization

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Drug becomes more effective

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withdrawal symptoms

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opposite effects of drugs when taken too much

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direct agonist

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drug binds and activates receptor

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receptor blocker(DIRECT ANTAGONISTS)

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a drug that binds with a receptor but does not activate it

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non-competitive binding(Indirect)

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binding of a drug to a site on a receptor, does not interfere with the binding site for the principal ligand

Front 58

indirect antagonists

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a drug that attaches to a binding site on a receptor and interferes with the action of the receptor/ does not interfere with the binding site for the principal ligand

Front 59

indirect agonist

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attaches to one of the alternative sites and facilitates the opening of the ion channel

Front 60

choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)

Back 60

enzyme that transfers the acetate ion from acetyl coenzyme A to choline, producing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

Front 61

botulinum toxin

Back 61

an acetylcholine