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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the vessel leading into the lymph node
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Afferent
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Name the vessel exiting the lymph node
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Efferent
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Name the two collecting ducts of the lymphatic system
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Right lymphatic & thoracic
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Which duct drains the right arm and the right side of the thorax and goes into the subclavian vein
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Right lymphatic
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Which duct drains all of the body below the diaphragm, left upper limb, left side of the head, neck and the thorax
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Thoracic
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Name the prominent sac that is formed by the two lumbar trunks and the intestinal trunk
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Cisterna chyli
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Name the organ that is a member of the endocrine, lymphatic, and immune systems. It is a storage area for developing lymphocytes.
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Thymus gland
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Name the organ that stores blood (a large lymphnode)
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Spleen
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Where is the RBC graveyard that contains white pulp that is used to make up of lymphocytes and macrophages
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Spleen
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Which tonsil lays at the root of the tongue?
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Lingual tonsil
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Which tonsil is located at the back of the oral cavity?
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Palatine tonsil
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Which tonsil is located on the wall of the pharynx, just behind the nasal cavity?
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Pharyngeal tonsil
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Are there organs in the Immune system?
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No, its a population of cells that inhabit the organs and defend from disease.
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Does the lymphatic system have organs? What is the role?
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Yes,
-Recover fluid -Look for disease -Immune response -Return fluid to bloodstream |
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What is the role of the lymphatic and immune system?
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Maintain fluid balance
Protect body from infection and disease |
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What are the patches of lymphatic tissue located at the entrance to the pharynx?
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Tonsils
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What do tonsils do?
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Guard against ingested or inhaled pathogens
Have deep pits - Crypts lined with lymphatics nodules |
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Which tonsil gets infected the most?
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Palatine Tonsil
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Name the two pared tonsil and single tonsil
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Palatine & Lingual are paired
Pharyngeal tonsil is single and on wall of the nasopharynx |
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Name the largest lymphatic organ?
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Spleen
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What are the functions of the spleen
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Blood production for fetus
Blood reservoir RBC disposal - Graveyard White blood pulp monitors foreign antigens |
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The spleen is highly vascular and vulnerable to trauma and infection.. what happens if it ruptured?
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Spleenectomy
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Name the four functions of digestion?
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Ingestion, digestion, Absorption, & Defacation
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Describe the digestive track: How long? Where does it start and end.
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The digestive track is a 30 foot long tube that extends from the mouth to the anus.
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What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?
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Teeth, Tongue, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Salivary Glands
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Which organs are retroperitoneal in the digestive system?
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Only duodenum, pancreas and parts of the large
intestine are retroperitoneal |
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What suspends GI tract and forms the serosa (visceral peritoneum) of stomach and intestines?
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Dorsal mesentery
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What forms the lesser and greater omentum?
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Ventral mesentery
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What are the different tissue layers of the GI tract?
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Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa & Adventitia or serosa
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What are the three pieces of the Mucosa layer?
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-Epithelium
-Lamina propria -Muscularis mucosae |
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What are the three pieces of the Muscularis externa?
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Inner circular layer
Outer longitudinal layer |
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What is the difference between the lesser and greater omentum?
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The lesser omentum attaches the stomach to the liver and the greater omentum covers the small intestines like an apron.
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Name the features to the oral cavity
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Cheeks/Lips
Vestibule (space between cheek & teeth) Lips Tongue Hard & soft palate |
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What are the small intrinsic glands found under the mucous membrane of mouth, lips, cheek and tongue that secrete at a constant rate to prevent drying mucosa?
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Salivary glands
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What are the three pairs of extrinsic salivary glands that are connected to the oral cavity by ducts?
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Parotid
Submandibular Sublingual |
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What type of muscle makes up the pharynx? What about the esophagus?
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The pharynx is skeletal muscle
The esophagus is Skeletal muscle in upper part and smooth in bottom |
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What organ mechanically breaks up food, liquefies food and begins chemical digestion of protein and fat?
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Stomach
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Name the soupy mixture found in the stomach
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Chyme
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True or false: The stomach absorbs significant amounts of nutrients
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False: The stomach does not absorb significant amount of nutrients
• Absorbs aspirin and some lipid-soluble drug |
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What do the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas have in common?
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Function
• All release important secretions into small intestine to continue digestion |
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List the 4 lobes of the liver
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Right
• Left • Quadrate • caudate |
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What ligament separates the left and right lobes of the liver?
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Falciform ligament
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What ligament is remnant of umbilical vein?
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Round ligament
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What is the function of the Sphincter of Oddi (hepatopancreatic sphincter)
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Regulates release of bile and pancreatic
juice |
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Describe the function of the gallbladder
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Stores and concentrates bile
• Bile backs up into gallbladder from a filled bile duct • Between meals, bile is concentrated by factor 20 |
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Describe bilirubin
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A pigment from hemoglobin breakdown
―Intestinal bacteria convert to urobilinogen= brown color |
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What is the function of bile acid (salt)?
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emulsify fats and aid in their
digestion • Enterohepatic circulation- recycling of bile acids from ileum |
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Define the function of the endocrine & exocrine gland?
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Secretes insulin and glucagon into the blood
• Secretes 1500 mL pancreatic juice into duodenum ―Water, enzymes, zymogens, and sodium bicarbonate ―Other pancreatic enzymes are activated by exposure to bile and ions in the intestine |
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Define the function of the Duodenum?
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Neutralizes stomach acids, emulsifies fats,
pepsin inactivated by pH increase, pancreatic enzymes |
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Where does most digestion and nutrient absorption occur?
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Jejunum
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What part of the small intestine has the Peyer's patch (cluster of lymphatic nodules)?
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Ileum
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Where does nearly all chemical digestion and nutrient
absorption occur? |
Small Intestine
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Why is a urinalysis important?
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-Urine and blood provides key information about the
sufficiency of renal function -Easy to collect, read, and analyze |
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What does a urinalysis test for?
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Glucose, Bilirubin, Ketone, Specific Gravity, Blood, pH, Protein, Urobilinogen, Nitrite, and Leukocytes.
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What is a term to indicate a "normal" value for a urinalysis?
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"Negative"
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Glucose in urine is called: "Glycosuria" of spilling of sugar in the urine. What illness can this indicate?
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Diabetes Mellitus - a condition that occurs when the body can't use glucose normally.
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If Bilirubin is found in the urine, what can this indicate? Example?
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• By‐product of bile
• Dehydration • Liver Disorders - I.e. Cirrhosis |
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If Ketones are found in the urine, what can this indicate? Example?
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• Low‐Carb Diet
• If present with Glucose, can be a sign for Diabetes Mellitus |
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What is the normal value for specific gravity in a urinalysis?
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1.010 – 1.025
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What can a specific value indicate?
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• Concentration of solutes
• Hydration status • Kidney Function *The first void in the morning would have a higher specific gravity. |
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What can blood in urine indicate? List examples:
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• Lysed Red Blood Cells (Hematuria)
Examples: • Renal Disease - damage to or disease of the kidney. • Renal Calculi - kidney stone: a calculus formed in the kidney. |
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What is a normal pH range for a urinalysis?
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4.5 - 8
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What can an abnormal pH found in an urinalysis indicate?
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• Acid‐Base Measurement of urine
Examples: • Higher (more basic) pH results in higher risk for infection |
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What can protein found in a urinalysis indicate?
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• Proteinuria: excess protein in urine
• Altered filtering of albumin • Reabsorption disorders Examples: • Kidney Damage (seen in Diabetics) |
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In a urinalysis, what is a normal urobilinogen value range?
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0.5 – 4.0 mg/dl
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What do abnormal values of urobilinogen (a by-product of hemoglobin breakdown) found in the urine indicate?
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Examples:
• Hemolytic Anemia - anemia resulting from destruction of erythrocytes. • Cirrhosis - A chronic disease of the liver marked by degeneration of cells, inflammation, and fibrous thickening of tissue. |
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What can Nitrites found in urine indicate? Examples?
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• Bacteria in the urine
• Infection Examples: • Urinary Tract Infection caused by E.Coli |
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What can Leukocytes in urine indicate?
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• Pyuria; White Blood Cells in urine
• Infection Examples: • Kidney Infection |
