Bio Plant Test - Part One

Front 1

Characteristics of plants (5)

Back 1

• Multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Autotrophic
• Cell walls of cellulose
• Most have a cuticle (waxy waterproof coating)

Front 2

Origin of plants

Back 2

• green algae eventually became adapted to live on land
• fossil record began to appear over 440 million years ago

Front 3

psilophytes

Back 3

• earliest known fossils

Front 4

Leaf

Back 4

plant organ that grows from a stem and usually is where photosynthesis occurs

Front 5

Root

Back 5

plant organ that absorbs water and minerals usually from the soil

Front 6

Stem

Back 6

plant organ that provides support for growth

Front 7

Vascular tissues

Back 7

tubelike, elongated cells through which water, food, and other materials are transported

Front 8

Characteristics of Vascular plants (3)

Back 8

• plants that possess vascular tissues
• can live farther away from water than nonvascular plants
• can grow much larger than nonvascular plants

Front 9

characteristics of Nonvascular plants (4)

Back 9

• plants that do not have vascular tissues
• no more than a few cells thick
• water and nutrients travel from one cell to another by the processes of osmosis and diffusion
• not as common or as widespread in their distribution as vascular plants because life functions require a close association with water

Front 10

seed

Back 10

• plant organ that contains an embryo, along with a food supply
• is covered by a protective coat
• protects the embryo from drying out
• can aid in the embryo’s dispersal

Front 11

example of non-seed plants

Back 11

mosses and ferns

Front 12

characteristics of non-seed plants (3)

Back 12

• sperm require a film of water on the gametophyte plant to reach the egg
• require wetter habitats than most seed plants
• most nonvascular

Front 13

characteristics of seed plants

Back 13

• conifers and flowering plants
• sperm reach the egg without using a film of water
• all vascular

Front 14

gametes are ___loid

Back 14

______ are haploid

Front 15

what does the sporophyte generation begin with?

Back 15

fertilization

Front 16

sporophyte cells are produced by _________________

Back 16

mitosis and cell division

Front 17

sporophytes are ___loid

Back 17

________ are diploid

Front 18

Antheridium

Back 18

male reproductive structure

Front 19

Archegonium

Back 19

female reproductive structure

Front 20

where does fertilization occur?

Back 20

the archegonium

Front 21

Bryophytes

Back 21

non-vascular, small mosses, have rhizoids

Front 22

Hepaticophytes

Back 22

nonvascular, liverworts, have rhizoids

Front 23

Anthocerophytes

Back 23

smallest division of nonvascular plants, hornworts

Front 24

Origin of nonvascular plants

Back 24

liverworts were first land plants, • first appeared during the Paleozoic Era, 440 million years ago

Front 25

which "ophyte" generation is dominant in the non-seed vascular plant?

Back 25

the sporophyte generation

Front 26

Strobilus

Back 26

compact cluster that releases spores which grow to form gametophytes

Front 27

Prothallus

Back 27

fern gametophyte

Front 28

Lycophtes

Back 28

non-seed vascular, club shaped mosses and spike mosses

Front 29

anthrophytes

Back 29

non-seed vascular, horsetails

Front 30

pterophytes

Back 30

non-seed vascular, ferns

Front 31

Pollen grain

Back 31

structure in which the male gametophyte develops, includes sperm cells, nutrients, and a protective outer covering

Front 32

Ovule

Back 32

structure in which the female gametophyte is contained

Front 33

Fertilization

Back 33

union of sperm and egg forms the sporophyte zygote

Front 34

Embryo

Back 34

an early stage of development of an organism

Front 35

Cotyledons

Back 35

leaflike structures on a plant’s stem that usually store or absorb food for the developing embryo

Front 36

Fruit

Back 36

the ripened ovary of a flower

Front 37

Gymnosperms

Back 37

have seeds that develop on the scales of woody strobili called cones

Front 38

Angiosperms

Back 38

produce seeds enclosed inside a fruit

Front 39

Cycadophytes

Back 39

seed plant, trunk and leaves resemble palms but are not palms

Front 40

Ginkophytes

Back 40

seed plant, only one species living (ginko biloba) have cones

Front 41

Gnetophytes

Back 41

seed plants, three genera: gnetum, ephedra and welwitzchia (shrub like plant)

Front 42

Coniferophytes

Back 42

seed plants, trees and shrubs with needlelike leaves, DICIDUOUS

Front 43

Deciduous plants

Back 43

drop all their leaves each fall or when water is scarce or unavailable (i.e. larches and bald cypress tree)

Front 44

Anthophytes

Back 44

seed, flowering plants, largest division of seed plants (annual, biennial, perennial)

Front 45

Annual

Back 45

live a year or less, most are herbaceous (stems are green and do not contain woody tissue), many food plants (corn, wheat, peas, beans, and squash), and weeds, form drought-resistant seeds that can survive the winter

Front 46

Biennial

Back 46

live two years, develop large storage roots (carrots, beets, and turnips), during first year grow many leaves and develop a strong root system, during winter aboveground dies and roots remain, during second spring, food stored in the root is used to produce new shoots that produce flowers and seeds

Front 47

Perennials

Back 47

live several years, once a year produce flowers and seed

Front 48

origin of seed plants (4)

Back 48

• appeared about 360 million years ago during the Paleozoic Era
• 65 million years ago most Ginkgophyta members died out
• 250 million years ago first conifers emerged
• 140 million years ago anthophytes appeared late in the Jurassic Period of Mesozoic era

Front 49

Parenchyma

Back 49

stores and produces food, most abundant kind of plant cell

Front 50

Collenchyma

Back 50

long cells with unevenly thick cell walls, arranged in tubelike strands of cylinders that provide support for a tissue (celery)

Front 51

Sclerenchyma

Back 51

plant cells with thick and rigid cell walls, die a maturity, fibers and sclerids

Front 52

demal tissues

Back 52

epidermis, stomata, guard cell, trichomes

Front 53

Epidermis

Back 53

flattened cells that cover all parts of the plant, functions as protection, produce the waxy cuticle that prevents water loss

Front 54

Stomata

Back 54

openings in leaf tissue that control the exchange of gases, found on green stems and on the surfaces of leaves, fewer stomata on the upper surface

Front 55

Guard cells

Back 55

control the opening and closing of the stomata
Root hairs – extensions of individual cells that help the root absorb water and dissolved minerals

Front 56

Trichomes

Back 56

hairlike projections that give a stem or a leaf a “fuzzy” appearance
help reduce the evaporation of water from the plant, some are glandular and secrete toxic substances that help protect the plant from predators

Front 57

vascular tissues

Back 57

xylem, tracheids, vascular elements, phloem

Front 58

Xylem

Back 58

plant tissue composed of tubular cells that transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant, composed of four types of cells: tracheids, vessel elements, fibers, and parenchyma

Front 59

Tracheids

Back 59

tubular cells tapered at each end, cell walls between adjoining tracheids have pits through which water and dissolved minerals flow

Front 60

Vessel elements

Back 60

tubular cells that transport water throughout the plant, wider and shorter than tracheids and have openings in their end walls, mature vessel elements lose their end walls and water

Front 61

Phloem

Back 61

transports sugar and other organic compounds, tubular cells joined end to end, sieve tube members: alive at maturity, contain cytoplasm but not a nucleus or ribosomes, companion cells: nucleated cells that help with the transport of sugars and other organic compounds through the sieve tubes

Front 62

ground tissue

Back 62

composed of mostly parenchyma cells, photosynthesis, storage and support, contains many chloroplasts and large vacuoles

Front 63

Meristemic tissure

Back 63

meristems, apical, lateral, vascular cambium, cork cambium

Front 64

Meristems

Back 64

regions of actively dividing cells

Front 65

Apical meristems

Back 65

found at or near the tips of roots and stems, produce cells that allow the roots and stems to increase in length

Front 66

Lateral meristems

Back 66

cylinders of dividing cells located in stems and roots, increases root and stem diameters

Front 67

Vascular cambium

Back 67

produces new xylem and phloem cells in the stems and roots

Front 68

Cork cambium

Back 68

produces cells with tough cell walls, which cover the surface of stems and roots

Front 69

Taproots

Back 69

carrots and beets), single thick structures with smaller branching roots, accumulate and store foot

Front 70

Fibrous

Back 70

have many small branching roots that grow from a central point
Prop roots – originate above ground and help support a plant

Front 71

Prop roots

Back 71

originate above ground and help support a plant

Front 72

Aerial roots

Back 72

cling to objects such as walls and provide support for climbing stems

Front 73

Cortex

Back 73

involved in the transport of water and dissolved minerals into the vascular tissues, made up of parenchyma cells that sometimes store food and water

Front 74

Endodermis

Back 74

layer of cells with waterproof cell walls tat form a seal around the root’s vascular tissues

Front 75

Pericycle

Back 75

tissue from which lateral roots arise as offshoots of older roots
xylem and phloem

Front 76

Root cap

Back 76

tip of each root is covered by a protective layer of parenchyma cells

Front 77

Corm

Back 77

a short thickened underground stem surrounded by leaf scales

Front 78

Tuber

Back 78

swollen underground stem that has buds from which new plants can grow stems and roots have differently arranged vascular tissues

Front 79

Bark

Back 79

tough corky tissue that protects the stem from damage by burrowing insects and browsing herbivores

Front 80

Sink

Back 80

any portion of the plant that stores sugars

Front 81

Translocation

Back 81

movement of sugars in the phloem

Front 82

Petiole

Back 82

stalk that joins the leaf blade to the stem, contains vascular tissues that extend from the stem into the leaf and form veins

Front 83

Mesophyll

Back 83

photosynthetic tissue made up of palisade mosphyll (column-shaped cells containing many cloroplasts) and spongy mesophyll (loosely packed, irregularly shaped cells surrounded by air spaces)

Front 84

Transpiration

Back 84

the loss of water through the stomata

Front 85

Petals

Back 85

colorful structures at the top of a flower stem (peduncle)

Front 86

Sepals

Back 86

usually leaflike and encircle the peduncle below the petals

Front 87

Stamen

Back 87

male reproductive organ

Front 88

Anther

Back 88

produces pollen that eventually contains sperm at the tip of the stamen

Front 89

Pistil

Back 89

at the center of the flower, attached to the top of the peduncle, female organ

Front 90

Ovary

Back 90

bottom portion of the pistil, with one or more ovules, each usually containing one egg

Front 91

Photoperiodism

Back 91

the response of flowering plants to daily daylight-darkness conditions

Front 92

Short-day plant

Back 92

flowers when the number of daylight hours is shorter than that of its critical period

Front 93

Long-day plant

Back 93

flowers when the number of daylight hours is longer than that of its critical period (usually flower in the summer)

Front 94

Day-neutral plant

Back 94

flowers over a range in the number of daylight hours
Intermediate-day plant: will not flower if days are shorter or longer than its critical period

Front 95

Polar nuclei

Back 95

two remaining nuclei that are enclosed in one cell

Front 96

Double fertilization

Back 96

one sperm fertilizes the egg and the other sperm joins with the central cell

Front 97

Endosperm

Back 97

food storage tissue that supports development of the embryo in anthophyte seeds

Front 98

Dormancy

Back 98

a period of inactivity in a mature seed

Front 99

Germination

Back 99

the beginning of the development of the embryo into a new plant

Front 100

Radicle

Back 100

embryonic root that grows down into the soil and develops into a root

Front 101

Hypocotyl

Back 101

portion of the stem nearest the seed