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74 Cards in this Set

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Photosynthesis process

CO2+H2O+ light energy->C6H12+O2+H2O

CO2 is reduced


H2O is oxidized

Heterotroph

Must eat food to sustain life

Autotroph

Makes organic molecules from inorganic sources

Fungus / Self

Photoautotroph

Uses light as a source of energy

Plants / Self sustaining

Where does the majority of Photosynthesis occur in the leaves?

Mesophyll

Stomata

Pores in a plant leaf

On bottom of plant

Where are pigments stored?

Thylakoid membrane

Third membrane

Granum

Stack of thylakoids

Stack of quarters

Stroma

The fluid filled region between thylakoids membrane and inner membrane

Like the cytosol in a cell

What two things does the thylakoid membrane do?

- Membrane forms thylakoids


- Encloses thylakoid lumen

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

Light reactions / Calvin cycle

- Uses light energy


- Takes place in thylakoid membranes


- Produces ATP, NADPH, and O2

Light reactions

- Occurs in Stroma


- Uses ATP and NADPH to incorporate CO2 into carbohydrate

Calvin Cycle

Doesn't require light

More thylakoid = ?

More photosynthesis

When NADP reduces hydrogens it = ?

NADPH

Photo phosphorylation

ATP synthesis in chloroplasts are achieved by a chemiosmosis mechanism

What is the end goal of the Calvin cycle?

To have CO2 incorporated into carbohydrates

Calvin Cycle

For every 6CO2 incorporated, 18 ATP and 12 NADPH must be used

Requires a massive input of energy

Phase 1 of Calvin Cycle

Carbon Fixation

Building carbon chain

Rubisco

CO2 incorporated into RuBP

Happens in carbon fixation

3PG

Reaction product to a six-carbon intermediate that splits into two pyruvate (3PG)

Phase 2 of Calvin Cycle

Reduction and carbohydrate production

Phase 3 of Calvin Cycle

Regeneration of RuBP

Three environmental conditions that can influence the Calvin cycle

- Light intensity


- Temperature


- Water availability

Three environmental conditions that can influence the Calvin cycle

- Light intensity


- Temperature


- Water availability

Rubisco functions as a ?

Carboxylase

How can rubisco also be an oxygenase?

- Adds O2 to RuBP eventually releasing O2


- Called photorespiration

How can rubisco also be an oxygenase?

- Adds O2 to RuBP eventually releasing O2


- Called photorespiration

What condition is photorespiration likely used?

- Hot and dry environments


- When CO2 is low and O2 is high

How can rubisco also be an oxygenase?

- Adds O2 to RuBP eventually releasing O2


- Called photorespiration

What condition is photorespiration likely used?

- Hot and dry environments


- When CO2 is low and O2 is high

C3 plant

Trees, bushes

How can rubisco also be an oxygenase?

- Adds O2 to RuBP eventually releasing O2


- Called photorespiration

What condition is photorespiration likely used?

- Hot and dry environments


- When CO2 is low and O2 is high

C3 plant

Trees, bushes

C4 plant

Corn, grains, grass, wheat, barley

Corn

How can rubisco also be an oxygenase?

- Adds O2 to RuBP eventually releasing O2


- Called photorespiration

What condition is photorespiration likely used?

- Hot and dry environments


- When CO2 is low and O2 is high

C3 plant

Trees, bushes

C4 plant

Corn, grains, grass, wheat, barley

Corn

CAM plants

Aloe, cactus

What's the difference between CAM plants and C3/4 plants?

CAM plants open stomatas at night to conserve water during the day

What do C4 plants make?

Oxaloacetate (4 carbon molecule)

First step of carbon fixation

90% of plants are?

c3

Location of light reaction?

Thylakoid membrane

Reactants of Light Reaction?

Light, H2O, NADP, ADP

Reactants of Light Reaction?

Light, H2O, NADP, ADP

Products of Light reaction?

ATP, NADPH, O2

Location of Calvin Cycle?

Stroma

Reactants of Calvin Cycle?

ATP, NADPH, CO2

Products of Calvin Cycle?

Carbs, NADPH, ADP

Carbs=end goal

Active site

Back (Definition)

Enzyme substrate complex

Back (Definition)

Allosteric site

Back (Definition)

What happens in competitive inhibition?

Something that blocks the active site not allowing the substrate in

Hydrolysis

Break down using h2o

Exergonic

SPONTANEOUS


Energy is released by reaction

Endergonic

NOT SPONTANEOUS


requires addition of energy to drive reaction

Lock & key substrate binding

Only the right key (substrate) will fit in the lock (enzyme)

Enzymes are

Proteins

2 ways to make ATP

Substrate-level phosphorylation/chemiosmosis

Enzyme directly transfers phosphate from one molecule to another molecule

Substrate level phosphorylation

Chemiosmosis

Energy stored in an electrochemical gradient is used to make ATP from ADP and P

Makes huge volumes in short time

Redox reaction

Electron moved from one molecule added to another

Oxidation (OIL)

Removal of electrons



Oxidation is lose

Oxidation (OIL)

Removal of electrons



Oxidation is lose

Reduction

Addition of electrons



Reduction is gain

Glucose

C6H12O6

NADH = ?

Taxicab

Anabolic reactions

Building reactions that need energy to drive reactions

Main goal of photosynthesis?

Create energy (glucose)

What happens when glycolysis is performed over and over?

Fermentation

Chemiosmosis =

Oxidative phosphorylation

Metabolism

Sum product of reactions