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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What did the Stanley Miller experiment show?
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Gases in the primitive atmosphere can react to produce small organic molecules.
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How a protocell evolved
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Coacervate droplets might have mixed with macromolecules.
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Macroevolution
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the large scale pattern of change taking place over very long time spans
ex. amphibians rise to reptiles |
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Evidence of Evolution
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Fossils: remains or traces of an organism perserved in sediment or on a rock
-biogeographical -anatomical -biochemical |
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Paleontology
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the study of fossils that results in knowledge about history of life
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Fossil Dating:
-Relative Dating |
Relies on the position of the fossil in relation to other fossils and layers in the earth
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Fossil Dating:
-Absolute Dating: |
uses isotopes (unstable radioactive elements decay into other elements at steady rate)
ex. carbon 14 to nitrogen 14 |
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Darwin 1809-1882
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5 year trip as naturalist on HMS Beagle
-Natural Selection -Decent with Modification |
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Natural Selection
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some organisms have traits that make them better suited in their environment therefore they survive and pass these traits off to offspring
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Decent with Modification
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living things share characteristics because of common decent
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La Mark 1744 - 1829
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descent with modification occurs due to desire for perfection.
acquired traits can be passed off to offspring. |
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Biogeographical Evidence
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study of the range and distributions of life forms on earth.
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Anatomical Evidence
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early embryo strctures are very similar between organisms
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Homologous structure
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strcuturely same
fuction different |
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Analogous structure
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structurely different
function same |
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Vestigual Structure
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structre that are not needed anymore
ex. human tail bone |
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Biochemical Evidence
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almost all living organisms use the same basic biochemicals, molecules.
ex. DNA, ATP, and enzymes |
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What causes variation w/in species?
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population
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Population
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group of species occupyingthe same area
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Members
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vary from each other
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Variation
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the raw material for evolutionary chnage (microevolution)
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Population genetics
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studies the genetic variation in a population
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Hardy Weingburg Genetic Equilibrium
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The allele frequency in a gene pool population will stay the same gen. to gen. unless acted upon by outside influences.
-no mutations -no migration into or out of (no gene flow) -no genetic drift -must mate randomly -natural selection cannot occur *since we cannot keep these things from happening, population would change and evolution will occur.* |
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Speciation
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-Isolation (geographically and reproductively)
-Natural Selection -Gene pool changes -New Species form |
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Genetic Drift
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Genetic alleles can become lost or enhanced in a population.
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Founders' Effect
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when a few individuals become the founders of a new population rare alleles and combinations may be enhanced
ex. Amish community 200 new 2 with dwarfism now it's common. |
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Bottleneck Effect
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a small founder population becomes the same source of alleles.
ex. cheetahs 10,000 years ago crisis wiped out. limited variability in gene pool. susceptible to fatal diseases |
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Classification
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The science of classifying is taxonomy.
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6 kingdoms
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Archaebacteria
Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plant Animal |
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How organisms are classified
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The way they get their nutrients, reproduce, cell structure, chemical make up, genes, embryo development.
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Lions science name
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Leo Felix
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Binomial Nomenclature?
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Linnaeus
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Bacteria
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OLDEST living dudes
Greatest # on earth Most have cell wall with Capsule. Autotroph or heterotroph |
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Capsule
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protect it from harsh enviroment
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Flagellum
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help them move in watery surroundings
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How to attach host
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short hairs (pili)
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Good and bad bacteria
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Nitrogen fixing - good
decomposers - good pathogens - bad milk/yogurt - good |
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Bacteria Reproduction
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Binary Fission - split to 2
-Asexual |
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Conjugation
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2 cell connect and form bridge to share DNA.
Help bacteria become resistant to current drugs and antibiotics. |
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Shapes
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Bacilli - rod shaped
Cocci - Sphere Spirilla - spiral |
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VIRUS!
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disease causing agent
contains DNA or RNA borrow from Host cell Capsid aka Protein Sheath protect DNA non living must invade to reproduce can mutate ergo evlove |
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Nanometer
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10-9 meter
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Attachment
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-Enter thru ENDOCYTOSIS
-Inject nucleic acid |
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LYTIC
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invade your cell
take over metabloism make new virus burst and infelct other FAST |
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lysogenic
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invade
inject reproduce unknown cause to be lytic later |