Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
ofAmericans will get cancer |
41% |
|
|
will die from cancer |
21% |
|
|
What are three ways that cancer cellsdiffer from normal cells?0 |
§Dividewhen they shouldn‘t §Invadesurrounding tissues §Moveto other locations |
|
|
What is cancer? |
Unregulated cell division |
|
|
mass of cells with no function |
Tumor |
|
|
§Benign tumor: |
doesn‘t affect surrounding tissues |
|
|
§Malignant tumor (cancerous): |
invades surrounding tissues |
|
|
§Metastasis: |
cells break away from a malignant tumor and start a new cancer at another location |
|
|
Metastaticcells can travel: |
§circulatory system or lymphaticsystem. |
|
|
§Lymphatic system |
collects fluid that leaks from capillaries. |
|
|
§Cancer cells |
found in lymph nodes indicate metastasis. |
|
|
§Risk factors: |
increase your risk of cancer |
|
|
carcinogens |
chemicals that can cause cancer |
|
|
Alcohol and Tobacco |
increase risk in multiplicative manner |
|
|
Diet |
High-fat, low fiber diet low veg, fruit and whole grain diet |
|
|
Other risk factors |
§Lack of exercise:§Exercise keeps immune system healthy§Exercise helps prevent obesity§§Increasing age: §Immune system declines with age§Cumulative damage |
|
|
What is supposed to happen? |
§Cell division from… §Growing big and strong J §Healing wounds §Routine cycling of cells §To…§Egg and sperm development §…leading to new life |
|
|
Passing Genes and Chromosomes to DaughterCells |
Asexual sexual reproduction |
|
|
§Asexual reproduction: |
§Only one parent §Offspring are genetically identical to parent |
|
|
§Sexual reproduction: |
§Gametes are combined from two parents §Offspring are genetically different from one another and from parents / |
|
|
§Chromosome: |
one long DNA strand tightly wrapped around proteins §each contains 100-1000s of genes. §Plants & animals have differentchromosome numbers |
|
|
How many chromosomes do we have? |
23 pair or 46 total |
|
|
§How about chimps, bonobos, gorillas,etc.? (chromosomes) |
§24 Pair or 48 total |
|
|
§sister chromatids |
Duplicatedchromosomes, held together at the centromere, §They are duplicated through DNAreplication§During replication the chromosome relaxes |
|
|
Karyotype |
Chromosomesvisible during mitosis Thenumber & shape can be studied -justwait ‘tilhuman evolution! Humanshave 46 total chromosomes |
|
|
Homologous Chromosome |
the same in content |
|
|
46chromosomes arearranged in |
n23pairs One from each parent (mom, dad) |
|
|
22pairs = |
autosomes ¨ Both chromosomes are homologues (the same in content) |
|
|
1pair = |
sex chromosomes ¨ Can be homologous; XX for females ¨ Can be different; XY for males |
|
|
§DNA polymerase: |
enzyme that replicates DNA and forms: §covalent bonds b/w nucleotides on backbone of any new strand § §hydrogen bonds b/w nucleotides of two different DNA strands §Joins A&T or C&G §Forms double helix |
|
|
§DNA replication: |
§DNA molecule is split up the middle of the helix §Nucleotides are added to each side §Result is two identical daughter molecules, each with one parental strand and one new strand (semiconservative replication) |
|
|
§Cell cycle: |
the “lifecycle” of the cell |
|
|
§Cell Cycle timing differs |
§Dependent on organism, type of cell, life stage / |
|
|
Three steps of cell cycle |
Interphase Mitosis Cytokinesis |
|
|
§Interphase: |
the DNA replicates |
|
|
§Mitosis: |
the copied chromosomes are moved into daughter cells |
|
|
§Cytokinesis: |
the cell splits into 2 daughter cells |
|
|
Mitosis - interphase |
three phases G1 S G2 Most of the cell cycle! |
|
|
§G1: |
cell grows, organelles duplicate |
|
|
S |
DNA Replicates |
|
|
§G2: |
cell makes proteins needed to complete mitosis |
|
|
Results of Mitosis |
§ genetically-identical daughter cells§Sister chromatids are pulled apart |
|
|
§Four stages of mitosis: |
§Prophase §Metaphase §Anaphase §Telophase |
|
|
Four stages of mitosis |
§Prophase §Metaphase §Anaphase §Telophase |
|
|
§Prophase: |
§Nuclear envelope disappears §Microtubules pull the chromosomes toward the middle of the cell §Animal cells: microtubules attached to centrioles at the poles of the cell |
|
|
Metaphase |
chromosomesare aligned across the middle of the cell |
|
|
Anaphase |
§centromeres split, §sister chromatids are pulled apart towardopposite poles |
|
|
Telophase |
§Nuclear envelopes reform aroundchromosomes §Chromosomes revert to uncondensedform |
|
|
Cytokenisis |
§Stage in which two daughter cells formfrom the original one |
|
|
Cytokenisis in Plants |
§New cell wallforms between the cells, built from cellulose |
|
|
Cytokinesis in Animals |
§Don’t have a cell wall Proteinspinch the original cell into two new cells |
|
|
After cytokinesis |
Cells reenter interphase |
|
|
DNA |
carries the instructions called genes for building all of the proteins that a cell requires |
|
|
somatic cells |
include any cell type that does not produce sex cells |
