Bio (Midterms)

Front 1

Biology

Back 1

Study of life and its diversity

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Bios

Back 2

Greek word, meaning: life

Front 3

Logos

Back 3

Greek word, meaning: study

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Histology

Back 4

Tissues and fossils

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Cytology

Back 5

Cells

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Virology

Back 6

Viruses

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Ecology

Back 7

Living things and their environment (ecosystem)

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Genetics

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Inheritance of characteristics

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Ornithology

Back 9

Birds

Front 10

Mycology

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Fungus

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Entomology

Back 11

Insects

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Ichthyology

Back 12

Fish

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Herpetology

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Reptiles

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Bacteriology

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Bacteria

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Paleontology

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Prehistoric life

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Microbiology

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Microbes

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Taxonomy

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Naming and classification

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Magnify objects 10-15x magnification

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Eyepiece

Front 19

Connects eye piece to the revolving nosepiece

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Body tube

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Supports the body tube

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Arm

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Provides stability

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Base

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Provides light

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Illuminator

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Allows light to reflect up

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Mirror

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Flat surface to place slides

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Stage

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Holds slides in place

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Stage clips

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Holds objectives

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Revolving nosepiece

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Objective with 10x magnification

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LPO

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Objective with 40x magnification

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HPO

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Objective with 100x magnification; will not function without immersion oil

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Oil immersion

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Collects light from illuminator

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Condenser lens

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Controls light from illuminator

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Iris diaphragm

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Adjust objectives up and down (low to high)

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Course Adjustment

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High to low

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Fine adjustment

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Basic Unit of Life

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Cell

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Cell vary in all sizes and form. True or False?

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True

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First Invented the simple Microscope

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Zacharias Janssen

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Examined a thin slice of cork

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Robert Hooke

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What did he call the structures that he saw?

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Cellular

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He created a microscope with a much higher magnification than the microscope that Hooke used. He observed Bacteria, blood cells, specimens.

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Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

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Professor of physiology at _________ based his studies on his study of several slides of animal cells

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University of Louvain, Belgium

Theodore Schwann

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Professor of Botany at ________ published a research based on studyinh several plant cells

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University of Jena, Germany

Matthias Jakob Schleiden

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What are the first two postulates of the cell theory?

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1. All organisms are made up of cells

2. The basic unit of life is a cell

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"Every animal appears as a sum of vital units, each of which bears in itself the complete characteristics of life"

"All cells come from cells"

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Rudolf Virchow

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States that organisms can come from non-living sources

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Theory of spontaneous generation

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Fresh meat and flies; Explain

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Fransisco Redi

Front 46

Broth and contaminants (Agree); Explain

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John Needham

Front 47

Polar heads are _____

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Hydrophilic

Front 48

What does hydrophilic mean?

Back 48

Water loving

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Nonpolar tails are ______

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Hydrophobic

Front 50

What does hydrophobic mean?

Back 50

Water fearing

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Do hydrophobic molecules pass freely?

Back 51

No

Front 52

Do hydrophilic molecules pass freely?

Back 52

Yes

Front 53

What is the concept that explains this?

(Materials that are solubule in lipids can pass through the membrane easily)

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Solubility

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This type of transport requires no energy. Molecules move from area of high to low concentration

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Simple Diffusion

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This type of transport diffuses water across membrane. Moves from high water potential (low solute) to low water potential (high solute)

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Osmosis

Front 56

The relationship of H2O potential and solute concentration is ______

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Inversely proportional

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The movement of water is towards the cell. The cell absorbs the water and appears bloated.

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Hypotonic

Front 58

What is another word for Hypotonic?

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Cytolysis

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Movement of water is out of the cell. The cell appears to shrink.

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Hypertonic

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What is another word for hypertonic?

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Plasmolysis

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What is another word for hypertonic?

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Plasmolysis

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There is no movement of water in the cell. The cell remains in shape

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Isotonic

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What are the 2 forms of transport across membranes?

Back 63

Passive and active transport

Front 64

Differentiate the two (2)

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1. Passive transport does not require energy (atp) while active transport needs energy (atp)

2. Passive transport transports from high to low concentration while active transport transports from low to high concentration

Front 65

What are the 2 forms of diffusion in passive transport?

Back 65

Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion

Front 66

Differentiate the two

Back 66

Facilitated diffusion is aided by a transport protein while simple diffusion is not

Front 67

What do you call the two layers of lipids that form the cell membrane

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Phospholipid bilayer

Front 68

What makes proteins critical to membrane function? (4)

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1. Structural support

2. Recognition

3. Communication

4. Transport

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What are the two types of tranport proteins?

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Channel proteins and Carrier Proteins

Front 70

What kind of proteins are embedded in the cell membrane and have a PORE for materials to cross

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Channel proteins

Front 71

This protein can change shape to move material from one side of the membrane to the other.

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Carrier proteins

Front 72

What are the two forms of endocytosis?

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Pinocytosis and phagocytosis

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What is also known as "cell drinking" ?

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Pinocytosis

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What is also known as "cell eating" ?

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Phagocytosis

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Engulfing is also called?

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Invagination

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Large molecules that are manufactured in the cell are released through the cell membrane

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Exocytosis

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Materials are brought into the cell

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Endocytosis

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Some integral proteins have receptors on their surface to recognize and take in hormones, cholesterol, etc.

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Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

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Two major processes involved in the genetic continuity

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Mitosis and Meiosis

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production of 2 cells (each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell)

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Mitosis

Front 81

production of 4 cells (reduces the number of chromosomes by precisely half) production of sex cells

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Meiosis

Front 82

nuclear division. production of 2 daughter nuclei

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Karyokinesis

Front 83

cytoplasmic division. production of two new cells

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Cytokinesis

Front 84

What composes the Interphase?

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- G1 (Gap 1) - S phase - G2 (Gap 2)

Front 85

Time for each phase?

Back 85

Front 86

G1 os also known as?

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Early growth phase of the cell

Front 87

What happens in G1?

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Choice (checkpoint) to proceed or withdraw from the cycle

Front 88

What happens if it proceeds with the cycle?

Back 88

DNA synthesis will be initiated and the cell would continue to complete the cycle

Front 89

What happens if it withdraws from the cycle?

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The cell will go into G0 stage and become quiescent.

Front 90

Phase where growth continues and DNA synthesis happens

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S phase

Front 91

Phase that prepares cell for division

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G2 phase

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What happens in prophase? (5)

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1. migration of two pairs of centrioles to opposite ends of the cell

2. nuclear envelope breaks down and gradually disappears

3. nucleolus disintegrates within the nucleus

4. diffuse chromatin fibers condense

5. chromosomes become visible

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point of constriction in a chromosome

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Centromere

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two parts of each chromosome

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Sister chromatid

Front 95

the period of chromosome movement and spinde fiber formation

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Prometaphase

Front 96

the alignment of the centromeres at the metaphase plate

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Metaphase

Front 97

the migration of every chromosome to the equatorial plane

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Prometaphase and metaphase

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sister chromatids separate from one another and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell

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Anaphase

Front 99

What is this separation called?

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Disjunction

Front 100

What is each migrating chromatid called?

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Daughter Chromosome

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Initiation of other events for the transition from mitosis to interphase

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Telophase

Front 102

What happens in telophase?

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1. chromosomes begin to uncoil

2. nuclear envelope reforms

3. spindle fibers disappear

4. nucleolus gradually reforms and become visible

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"Fluid"

Back 103

Individual phospholipid and protein can move side to side within layer like its liquid

Front 104

Cytokinesis in plants

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Cell plate

Front 105

Cytokinesis in animals

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Cell furrow

Front 106

What are the 3 checkpoints

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1. G1/S checkpoint

2. G2/M checkpoint

3. M checkpoint

Front 107

What is checked in the G1/S checkpoint? (3)

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1. Cell growth

2. Environment

3. DNA condition

Front 108

What is checked in the G2/M checkpoint?

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Monitors DNA prior to start of Mitosis (Are all DNA replicated?)

Front 109

What is checked in the M checkpoint?

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Monitors successful formation of spindle fiber system and its attachmant to the kinetochores

Front 110

What happens in Prophase I? (3)

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1. chromatin thickens and coils into chromosomes

2. members of each homologous pair of chromosomes undergo synapsis

3.crossing over occurs

Front 111

Name the 5 stages of prophase I

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1. Leptonema

2. Zygonema

3. Pachynema

4. Diplonema

5. Diakinesis

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What happens in Leptonema?

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1. chromatin material begins to condense

2. chromosomes become visible

3. homology search

Front 113

localized condesations that resemble beads on string

Back 113

Chromomeres

Front 114

What happens in zygonema?

Back 114

1. Chromosomes continue to shorten and thicken

2. synaptonemal complex begins to form between the homologs

Front 115

What are paired homologs called?

Back 115

bivalent

Front 116

What are the structures that are present only in plant cells?

Back 116

1. Vacuole

2. Cell wall

3. Chloroplast

Front 117

Further development of ____ leads to synapsis

Back 117

Synaptominal complex

Front 118

Further development of ____ leads to synapsis

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Synaptominal complex

Front 119

Where does the development of synaptominal complex begin?

Back 119

Zygonema

Front 120

What is a pair of chromatids from maternal and paternal members of homologous par?

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Nonsister chromatid

Front 121

Two nonsister chromatids

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Tetrad

Front 122

Sister chromatid

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Dyad

Front 123

Daughter chromosome

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Monad

Front 124

Ateas that remain in contact

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Chiasmata

Front 125

Genetic exchange

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Crossinh over

Front 126

Movement of chiasmata towards the en of a tetrad

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Terminalization

Front 127

Error in meiosis wherein separation is not achieved

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Nondisjunction