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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does hemoglobin consist of? How much oxygen can bind to it?
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4 subunits, each with one "heme" group with a ferrous iron+2 atom in the middle for the oxygen to bind to. This means there are 4 molecules of oxygen.
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What's special about the nature of the hemoglobin O2 dissociation curve? What property does this impart?
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It's non-linear. This means that the more O2 that binds, the higher hemoglobin's affinity for O2 becomes.
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What happens to hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen in a lower pH environment? How does this affect the O2 dissociation curve? Temperature?
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Affinity decreases, meaning the curve moves to the right. Temperature goes up.
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What happens to hemoglobin's affinity for O2 when temperature is lowered? How does this affect the curve?
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Affinity increases, meaning the curve moves to the left.
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When does the hemoglobin O2 dissociation curve move to the right?
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In active tissues.
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Where does the hemoglobin O2 dissociation curve move to the left?
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In the lungs.
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What is DPG? How does this affect hemoglobin's affinity for O2? Is it rigid?
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A metabolic byproduct of anaerobic metabolism in red blood cells. It lowers hemoglobin's affinity for O2. It's not rigid - it allows for fine-tuning.
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Where is CO2 in the blood?
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-7% in plasma
-23% bound to amino groups on hemoglobin -70% exists as HCO3- |
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How does hemoglobin act as a pH buffer?
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It allows the attachment of excess H+, so the blood's pH isn't affected.
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Which hemoglobin reactions are not reversible?
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None- they're all reversible.
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What enzyme catalyzes the combination of CO2 and H2O? Where's it produced?
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Carbonic anhydrase. It's produced in red blood cells.
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What is edema?
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Localized swelling at a part of the body due to buildup of lymph.
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What direction does lymph flow? What pumps the lymph?
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One-way. Muscle movement pumps the lymph.
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What resides in lymph nodes?
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Major effector cells of the immune system.
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What are the effector cells of the immune system? Where are they located?
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Masses of lymphocytes and macrophages. They're located in lymph nodes.
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Where are all blood cells produced?
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In the red bone marrow in long bones in the body.
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Where are old immune system cells destroyed?
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In the spleen.
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Where's the biggest concentration of lymph tissue?
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In the small intestine.
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What are important properties of innate immunity? What mechanisms does it include?
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-Inherited
-Fast acting -No activation -No memory -Broad response Includes barriers, cellular, and chemical defenses. |
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What are the three innate barrier defenses? What's special about each one?
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-Skin: Impervious and has oil and sweat glands of pH 3-5
-Mucus: Traps foreign matter and moves it with cilia -Normal flora: Competes with pathogens |
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What is keratin? Why's it important?
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A fibrous protein that's impervious and makes up the outside layer of skin (it contributes to skin flaking off).
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What carries out innate cellular defenses? Where are they found?
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6 types of leukocytes:
-Neutrophils (blood) -Monocytes (blood) -Eosinophils (blood) -Dendritic cells (tissue) -Natural killer cells (tissue) -Mast cells (tissue) |
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Are all leukocytes blood cells? Why or why not?
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No - leukocytes can live in the tissue, like dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and mast cells.
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How do leukocytes attack foreign cells or bacteria? Is it specific or non-specific?
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Leukocytes attach to binding sites on bad cells and then ingests them. This is non-specific.
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Which innate cellular defenses are phagocytic cells? What purpose do they serve?
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Neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and dendritic cells. They present antigens.
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What's special about eosinophils?
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They typically defend against multicellular pathogens, eg. parasites. Other cellular defenses can't usually handle such big things.
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What do dendritic cells do?
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They function in antigen presentation.
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What do natural killer (NK) cells target?
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They mainly attack cells of your own body and foreign cells that enter the body.
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What do natural killer cells produce?
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Perforins and granzymes.
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What are the innate chemical defenses?
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-Cytokines
-Urinary tract -Mucus -Gastrointestinal tract -Interferons -Complement |
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What do cytokines specialize in?
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Communication, stimulation, coordination, and fever.
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What is a pyrogen?
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A signal from immune system cells (cytokines) to the brain to turn up body temperature.
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What are the chemical defenses in the gastrointestinal tract?
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Gastric acid, protease, and bile salts.
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What are the chemical defenses in mucus?
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Lysozymes and immunoglobulin A (IgA)
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What happens when tissues are damaged?
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They release chemical signaling molecules:
-Histamine -Prostaglandins -Chemokines |
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What are the triggers of inflammation?
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Histamines and prostalandins.
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