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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does glycolysis require? What does it produce?
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Soluble cytosolic enzymes. It turns glucose, a 6-carbon compound, into 2 x 3-carbon compounds (pyruvates).
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Where does pyruvate move?
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From the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix.
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What are the two phases of glycolysis, and what do they consist of? What does this result in?
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1. Energy investment phase: Kinases use ATP to phosphorylate glucose
2. Energy payoff phase: Energy from the 1st C-H bonds of glucose is shunted to ATP and NADH2 Results in 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvates. |
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What enzyme is responsible for the split in glycolysis?
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Aldolase
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What converts dihydroxyacetone to glyceraldehyde phosphate in glycolysis?
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Isomerase
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What molecule produces pyruvate in glycolysis?
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Pyruvate kinase
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What produces the 2 NADH molecules in glycolysis?
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3-phosphoglycerate
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What produces 2 ATP molecules in glycolysis?
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Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
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What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
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The production of ATP by adding a phosphate to ADP from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP).
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Where is a carbon first lost in the glucose metabolic pathway?
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When pyruvate moves from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrion, it loses a carbon to produce co2.
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What is the first step of the citric acid cycle?
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Acetyl coA (2 carbons) is conjugated to oxaloacetate (4 carbons) to form citrate (6 carbons).
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What is the second step of the citric acid cycle?
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Citrate is metabolized to produce oxaloacetate (4 carbons), FADH2, NADH and ATP, and 2 molecules of co2.
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What is the third step of the citric acid cycle?
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The potential energy from the hydrocarbon bonds of glucose is transferred to FADH2, NADH and ATP, leaving the electrons in the C-O bond closer to the more electrongative O but with lower potential energy.
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How many carbons does pyruvate have? Acetyl coA?
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Pyruvate has 3 carbons, acetyl coA has 2. The carbon is lost as co2.
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What produces citric acid? What happens afterward?
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Acetyl coA reacting with oxaloacetate. Coenzyme A is released afterward.
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What does a single pyruvate generate in the citric acid cycle?
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4 NADH
1 FADH2 1 ATP |
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What does the citric acid cycle rely on?
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Sufficient amounts oxygen and pyruvate
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What special characteristic do transmembrane proteins of the ETC have?
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They are proton pumps that move protons against their gradient
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What is the first carrier protein in the ETC?
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Ubiquinone
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What is the second carrier protein in the ETC?
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Cytochrome C
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What generates more ATP in the citric acid cycle? Why?
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NADH generates more ATP than FADH2 because it has higher free energy.
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What are the 3 transmembrane proteins in the ETC?
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1. NADH-Q reductase complex
2. Cytochrome-C reductase complex 3. Cytochrome-C oxidase complex |
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What is ATP synthase? Why is it important? What's another name for this process?
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ATP synthase is a transmembrane protein in the ETC that uses protons to turn ADP into ATP. It's also known as oxidative phoshporylation.
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What is chemiosmosis? What process does it specifically help in the ETC?
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Using the potential energy of the proton gradient to drive cellular work in the ETC, in this case ATP synthase.
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How much ATP does the ETC generate from one molecule of glucose?
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34 molecules of ATP
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Why is it crucial to maintain the integrity of the inner mitochondrial membrane?
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Because energy is lost if protons pass through anything other than ATP synthase.
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What specifically in the ETC is oxygen essential for?
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Ubiquinone and cytochrome C.
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What are the two types of anaerobic fermentation?
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Ethanol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.
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What enzyme mediates the ethanol fermentation?
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Acetaldehyde.
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What can fuel the Krebs cycle besides glucose?
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Fatty acids, glycerol, and amino acids.
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What mechanism balances cell production?
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Allosteric regulation.
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