Bio Locomotion

Front 1

locomotion

Back 1

the interaction of muscles with the skeleton that results in body movements

Front 2

what does locomotion do for organisms?

Back 2

allows organism to gather food, seek shelter, and escape dangerous situation00increases chances for survival of a species by enabling members nof the species to find suitable mates

Front 3

what does human locomotion involve?

Back 3

joints and tissues such as bone, cartilage, muscles, tendons, and ligaments

Front 4

bones

Back 4

type of connective tissue composed mainly of calcium compounds --

Front 5

why is the bone hard??

Back 5

due to the presence of calcium and phosphorus minerals

Front 6

what are bones important for??

Back 6

-make up major part of framework of the human endoskeleton
-provide a place for muscle attachment

Front 7

long bones

Back 7

bones of your arms and legs

Front 8

what are the ends of long bones covered with?

Back 8

cartilage

Front 9

periosteum

Back 9

tough membrane--outer covering of long bones

Front 10

marrow

Back 10

inner tissue of some bones where red and white blood cells are produced

Front 11

endoskeleton

Back 11

an inner skeleton

Front 12

what does the endoskeleton do?

Back 12

it acts are a franework for supporting other organs of the body.
-it produces internal organs and allows body movement

Front 13

how many bones does the human endoskeleton have?

Back 13

206 bones

Front 14

was is the endoskeleton composed of?

Back 14

skull, vertebral column (spinal column), breastbone and ribs, and limbs (arms and legs)

Front 15

cartilage

Back 15

the fibrous, flexible, elastic connective tissue found in the human skeleton.

Front 16

where is cartilage found in adults?

Back 16

in the nose, ears, and trachea (flexible support), at the ends of ribs and other bones (flexibility), and between the vertebrae and bones (cushioning)

Front 17

joints

Back 17

bones connected at places--allow bone movement

Front 18

ball and socket joints

Back 18

permit circular movement--located at the hip and shoulder

Front 19

hinge joints

Back 19

-allow back and forth movement--located at elbows and knees

Front 20

pivot joints

Back 20

permit roatating movement--lockated where skull joins the vertebral column

Front 21

gliding joints

Back 21

allow a sliding action--located at wrist and ankle

Front 22

fused joints

Back 22

not movable and located in the skull--help keep joints cushioned and lubricated

Front 23

muscles

Back 23

produce body movement by pulling on bones when they contract--produce body heat when they contract

Front 24

3 kinds of muscle tissue

Back 24

skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

Front 25

involuntary muscles

Back 25

responsible for involuntary body activities such as heart contractions and peristalsis--you cannot control the actions of involuntary muscles

Front 26

TWO EXAMPLES OF INVOLUNTARY MUSCLES

Back 26

smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

Front 27

smooth muscle

Back 27

found in the walls of arteries and organs of the body--contraction of smooth muscle is controlled by the nervous system

Front 28

cardiac muscle

Back 28

found in the walls of the heart-causes the heart to beat

Front 29

voluntary muscles

Back 29

attach to the skeleton and can be controlled for locomotion

Front 30

example of voluntary muscle

Back 30

skeletal (striated) muscle

Front 31

skeletal/striated muscle

Back 31

are attached to the bones of the skeleton--bones and body parts are moved by the contraction of these muscles

Front 32

how do skeletal muscles usually function?

Back 32

in opposite pairs

Front 33

extensor

Back 33

one muscle of the pair of skeletal muscles, which extends (straightens) the limb

Front 34

flexor

Back 34

the other muscle of the skeletal muscle pair, which bends the limb

Front 35

example of extensor and flexor pair

Back 35

biceps and triceps of the upper arms
-bicep--flexor--located on the front of the upper arm--when the bicep contracts, the forearm is pulled toward the front of the shoulder, causing the arm to bend
-tricept-extensor--located on the back of the upper arm--when the tricept contracts, the arm straightens out

Front 36

what causing muscles to contract??

Back 36

when nerves direct impulses to muscles

Front 37

where do muscles get the energy needed to contract?

Back 37

comes from energy stored in chemicals such as glycogen

Front 38

muscle fatigue

Back 38

muscle cells will continue to operate even if they do not receive sufficient oygen for aerobic respiration, so they change to anaerobic respiration and produce lactic acid, which causes muscles to hurt and causes you to rest so taht your muslces can get oxygen again

Front 39

what are tendons and ligaments composed of?

Back 39

connective tissue

Front 40

tendons

Back 40

bands of dense tissue that connect muscles to bones

Front 41

ligaments

Back 41

tough bands of tissue that hold bones together at joints

Front 42

fractures

Back 42

broken bones

Front 43

sprain

Back 43

tearing or stretching of the ligaments that hold together the bone end in a joint

Front 44

hernias

Back 44

an organ or tissue sticks out through a weak area in the muscle or other tissue that usually contains it such as the abdominal wall. the cause is usually weakness and a bulge in the wall

Front 45

arthritis

Back 45

inflammation of joints--causes stiffness, swelling, soreness, or pain

Front 46

osteoarthristis

Back 46

a type of arthritis that results from wear and tear on the cartilage at the joints

Front 47

rheumatoid arthritis

Back 47

causes swelling and pain and can occur at any age--

Front 48

tendonitis

Back 48

inflammation of a tendom, usually at the bone junction