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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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joints, function
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permit movement
displace stress on bones |
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joint types
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fibrous
cartilagenous synovial |
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fibrous joints
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bound by collagen, tightly knit
sutures |
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cartilaginous
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bound by cartilage
ribs, sternum |
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synovial
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complex anatomy
allows for greatest mobility |
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ligament, what to what?
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bone to bone
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tendon, what to what?
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muscle to bone
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synovial fluid, composition
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albumin and hylauric acid
(protein and carbs) |
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synovial fluid, 3 functions
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shock absorption
lubrication nutrient distribution |
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synovial fluid, nutrient distribution
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(avascular) cartilage
cleans via microphages warming up viscosity is variable |
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synovial anatomy, 5
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articular discs
meniscus tendons ligaments bursae |
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classes of synovial joints, 6
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ball and socket
condylar saddle plane hinge pivot |
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ball and socket, ex
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hip and shoulder
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condylar, ex
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between phalanges
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saddle, ex
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thumb
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plane, ex
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wrist, ankle (small square bones)
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hinge, ex
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elbow, knee
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pivot, ex
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atlas and axis
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myology, 3 types
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skeletal
cardiac smooth |
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one fundamental purpose of muscles
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convert chemical energy (atp) into mechanical energyto exert force
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muscle origin
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sight of attachment which does NOT move during muscle action
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muscle insertion
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sight of attachment to a bone which moves from muscle action
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muscle belly
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widest, largest cluster of muscle fibers
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muscle functions,5
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respiration
absorption/elimination circulation childbirth communication |
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more muscle funtions
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body openings
heat production |
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percent of body temp produced by muscles
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85
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rate of metabolism
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atp production rate
-determines heat production |
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skeletal muscle anatomy
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muscle cells (fibers)
fasicles tissues |
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surrounds muscle fibers
(sleeve of connective tissue) |
endomysium
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perimysium
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surrounds fasicles
muscle stimulation, nurishment |
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epimysium
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surrounds muscle tissue
fascia too |
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muscle action,3
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agonist
synergist antagonist |
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agonist, w ex
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produces most force
bicep |
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synergist
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aids agonist
alleviates workload brachialis |
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antagonist
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opposes agonist
relaxed during agonist use tricep |
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fixator muscle
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prevents bone movement
holds steady at muscle origin site chomboids |
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nervous system, functions
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coordinates
signals orchestrates carries messages rapid transmission |
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ns, 2 languages
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action potential
neurotransmitters |
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cns, subdivisions
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brain, spinal column
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pns, domain
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trunks, limbs
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neuron anatomy, 5
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neurosoma
nissil bodies dendrites axons schwann cells |
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neurosoma
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cell body
contains nucleus, organelles |
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nissil bodies
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make neurotransmitters
chemical signals |
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dendrites
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branch from soma
increase signal reception distance RECEIVE signals |
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axons
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branch from soma
increase transmission distance conveys info AWAY from neurons |
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schwann cells
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enclose axon in mylein sheath
protection insulation speeds up signal transmission |
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3 classes of neurons
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sensory
interneuron motor |
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sensory neuron functions
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detect stimuli
transmit info to cns AFFERENT/AWAY from stimuli |
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interneuron, function
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receive signal from pns
process info -integration, decision, reaction send signals to motor neurons EFFERENT/TOWARD Effector cells/tissues |
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motor neurons
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receive signals from cns
EFFERENT toward effector cells/tissues |
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motor neurons, ex
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somatic
visceral |
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sympathetic
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fight flight ****
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parasympathetic
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conserve energy
lower metabolic rate |
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visceral response
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para/sympathetic
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neuroglial
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accuracy/precision
consistent/repeatability |
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oligodendrites
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insulate (brain) axons
like schwann cells |
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ependymal cells
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produce cerebrospinal fluid
like synovial fluid |
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microglia
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macrophages for brain
leukocyte |
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astrocyte
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most abundant
seal blood brain barrier regulate chemical composition cns |
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schwann cells
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pns
insulate axons |
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satellite cells
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pns
insulate neurosoma |
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majority of atp is for?
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brain function
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brain regions, 3
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cerebrum
cerebellum brainstem |
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cerebrum
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largest part
two hemispheres highly folded fro high surface area |
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lobes, 5
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frontal
parietal occipital temporal insula |
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frontal lobe funtion
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planning
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parietal lobe function
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senses
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occipital lobe function
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visual stimuli
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temporal lobe function
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learning and memory
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insula lobe function
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language
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limbic system
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emotion
reward gratification |
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cerebrum, 2 parts
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lobes
limbic system |
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cerebellum
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most of brain's neurons
regulates coordination of muscles tactile info spatial perception temporal perception hand/eye coordination |
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brainstem, 4 regions
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medulla oblingata
pons midbrain diencephalon |
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medulla oblongata
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regulates rhythms
shared pathway |
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pons
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hearing
equilibrium posture |
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midbrain
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reflexes of ears and eyes (sound source and blinking)
reticular formation (habituation/states of consciousness) |
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diencephalon
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(superior to midbrain)
hypothalamus homeostasis via endrocrine system |
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what brain part controls hormones?
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hypothalamus
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abductor
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away
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adductor
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toward
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depressor
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lowering
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extensor
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straighten
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flexor
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bending
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levator
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raising
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pronator
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turning into prone position
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supinator
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turning into supine positiont
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tensor
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tensing
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rotation
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trunk-left to right
limb-medial or lateral |
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palm forward
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supination
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palm back
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pronation
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flexion/extension joints?
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hinge
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circumduction
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drawing a big circle on the wall
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plantar flexion
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point toes
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medial limb rotation
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elbow OUT
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lateral rotation
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elbow IN
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opposition
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thumb toward palm
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eversion/inversion
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sole out/sole in
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pro/rectraction
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chin
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depression/elevation
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inferior/superior movement
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bursa
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thin fluid-filled pocket in connective tissue outside joint capsule
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fat pads
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localized adipose tissue covered by synovial membrane
fill spaces during movement |
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meniscus
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pad of fibrocartilage between bones
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dislocation/luxation
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articulating surfaces are forced out of position
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lateral flexion
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vertebral column bends sise to side
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