Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Animals are heterotrophs. What does this mean about how we get energy?
|
We cannot harvest energy from the sun and build our own food molecules so we must eat to get the energy we need for growth and activity
|
|
|
Examples of nutrients used by the body?
|
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water
|
|
|
Animal Diets:
carbivore - herbivore- omnivore- (humans) |
only meat-eating
only plant-eat both |
|
|
BMR is
|
Basal Metabolic Rate. This is the minimum # calories to keep someone alive & healthy assuming no physical activity and neutral temperature. depends on weight.
|
|
|
BMR for 120 pound woman is about...
fora 160 pound man is about... |
1400 calories
1700 calories |
|
|
How does nutritional info on food alter calories?
|
= 1000 calories, but they refer to it as just calories
|
|
|
What are 2 nutrients that we cannot synthesize?
|
vitamins - organic compounds
minerals - elements |
|
|
What type of foods provide us "complete protein"?
|
mean and dairy.
Soybeans and quinoa are the only plants that provide complete protein. |
|
|
What makes a protein complete?
|
It contains all 8 essential amino acids.
|
|
|
3 types of carbohydrates:
|
simple sugars
digestible complex sugars fiber |
|
|
What is the function of fats?
|
Fats provide a dense source of energy that can be stored efficiently and aid in keeping the body warm.
|
|
|
Saturated fats are:
-fatty acids have straight/kinked tails and can/cannot be packed together tightly -solid or liquid at room temperature? -more or less likely to be stored as fat in the body? |
-straight, can
-solid -more |
|
|
Unsaturated fats are:
-fatty acids have straight/kinked tails and can/cannot be packed together tightly -solid or liquid at room temperature? -more or less likely to be stored as fat in the body? |
-kinked, cannot
-liquid -less |
|
|
4 steps of digestion
|
1. ingestions
2. digestion 3. absorption 4. elimination |
|
|
During digestion, large pieces of food are physically and chemically broken down into:
|
absorbable molecules
|
|
|
What happens during absorption?
What is absorbed and how? |
Energy-rich food molecules are taken into cells of the body to be used for energy and building materials.
|
|
|
Where does food go after it is ingested in the mouth?
|
esophagus, down to the stomach.
|
|
|
Salivary glands aid digestion by releasing _________, an enzyme that breaks down _______________.
|
alpha-amylase, starch.
|
|
|
What does the tongue do with food that is being digested?
|
shapes it into a ball and pushes it to the back of the mouth
|
|
|
What is epiglottis?
|
Epiglottis is the flap of tissue that moves
|
|
|
When you swallow, the epiglottis moves over the surface of the ______?
|
trachea
|
|
|
What is peristalsis?
|
waves of smooth muscle contractions that propel food down the esophagus and into the stomach, after swallowing.
|
|
|
IN THE STOMACH:
Acid and enzymes begin: |
Acid and enzymes begin protein digestion.
|
|
|
Chyme is created by:
|
contractions and the additions of water.
|
|
|
What does the sphincter at the beginning of the stomach do?
|
It seals off the stomach once food has entered it, and prevents the stomach's acidic content from flowing back into the esophagus.
|
|
|
What does the sphincter at the end of the stomach do?
|
It seals off the end of the stomach from the small intestine.
|
|
|
1. Muscles in the stomach:
|
churn and physically break down and mix food.
|
|
|
2. Gastric pits produce hydrochloric acid. This activates _______ which disassembles _______.
|
pepsin, protein.
|
|
|
3. What is the name of the resulting food mixture?
Where does it go next? |
chyme
it goes into the small intestine |
|
|
IN THE SMALL INTESTINE:
Most digestion occurs in the: |
small intestine!
|
|
|
1. As the sphincter at the end of the stomach relaxes, small amounts of _____ are squirted into the small intestine.
|
chyme
|
|
|
2. Gastric pits produce hydrochloric acid. This activates _______ which disassembles _______.
|
pepsin, protein.
|
|
|
3. What is the name of the resulting food mixture?
Where does it go next? |
chyme
it goes into the small intestine |
|
|
IN THE SMALL INTESTINE:
Most digestion occurs in the: |
small intestine!
|
|
|
1. As the sphincter at the end of the stomach relaxes, small amounts of _____ are squirted into the small intestine.
|
chyme
|
|
|
2. The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice. This neutralizes the _______ and helps digest _________ (3 things).
|
chyme
carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. |
|
|
3. Bile is produced by the ______.
Bile is stored in the _______ and travels to the small intestine. In the small intestine, it acts as a detergent to __________. |
liver.
gallbladder break up particles of fat. |
|
|
4. Enzymes are produced that further digest fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. They are stored in the _____.
|
cell walls
|
|
|
Where is digestion completed?
|
in the small intestine
|
|
|
At the end of digestion, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are broken down into what?
|
simple sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids.
|
|
|
Why does the small intestine have a large surface area?
|
for absorption.
|
|
|
How long is the small intestine?
|
20 feet long with many folds.
|
|
|
What are villi?
|
finger-like projections that line the small intestine.
|
|
|
What are microvilli?
|
thread-like projections that line cells in the villi.
|
|
|
ABSOPRTION: SMALL INTESTINE
3 steps: The small intestine absorbs nutrients like.... |
simple sugars, short proteins, individual amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals.
|
|
|
1. Nutrients are transported into ________
|
cells lining the villi.
|
|
|
What is interstitial fluid?
Where is it located? |
fluid that bathes the cells.
between the cell lining of villi and capillary |
|
|
3. Nutrients are picked up by the ______ and moved into the ________.
|
capillaries, bloodstream.
|
|
|
In the bloodstream, nutrients can be delivered to _______.
|
the organs and tissues that need them.
|
|
|
ELIMINATION: COLON
What is another name for the colon? |
large intestine
|
|
|
At this point, the remaining materials goes from the small intestine to where?
|
the colon, or large intestine
|
|
|
The remaining material is made up of what?
|
chyme, mostly indigestible materials
|
|
|
2. What kind of substances are absorbed?
|
water, salts, and some vitamins
|
|
|
What are feces made up of? ew.
|
dead bacterial cells and the final remaining, indigestible parts of consumed food
|
|
|
3. What purpose does the rectum serve?
|
The rectum serves as a storage compartment for feces.
|
|
|
DIET!
What are the 6 categories of nutrients? |
grains
vegetable fruits oils dairy meat & beans |
|
|
Why is it especially important to avoid obesity during childhood and teen years?
|
Fat cells are increasing in number during this time.
|
|
|
BMI =
|
Body Mass Index
height vs. weight |
|
|
What percentage of Americans are overweight with a BMI of 25 or more?
|
66%
|
|
|
How has natural selection favored genes for larger appetites?
|
Strong appetites evolved because food supplies were unpredictable. Now we still have the instinct to eat more, but food is generally easily attainable.
|
|
|
WHY DIETS USUALLY FAIL:
They usually focus on weight loss (even water weight) rather than loss of ______. |
body fat
|
|
|
Why is it a problem that diets reduce muscle mass?
|
It is the body tissue that is best able to burn fat.
|
|
|
Why is it a problem that they reduce body weight so rapidly?
|
This triggers several defense mechanisms designed to preserve the body's energy reserve, and generally leads to more problems.
|
|
|
They don't focus enough on what important aspect of being healthy?
|
exercise
|
|
|
Consequences to these types of diets:
|
- nutritional deficiencies
- a lower BMR - lower muscle mass & body fluid levels - an increase in enzymic activity that store fat |
|
|
....diabetes possums
where is insulin released from? |
the pancreas
|
|
|
Digesting and absorbing food leads to an increase in what?
|
the amount of glucose circulating in the bloodstream
|
|
|
The increased amount of glucose circulating in the bloodstream leads to what?
|
the release of insulin by the pancreas
|
|
|
The release of insulin causes the body's cells to do what?
this is especially true for what kinds of cells? |
to pull the glucose in for energy or storage
muscle cells and fat cells |
|
|
Diabetes is a problem with regulating what?
|
blood sugar
|
|
|
Type 1 diabetes is caused by what?
Type 2 diabetes is caused by what? |
Type 1 - heredity
Type 2 - an unbalanced diet Genes also affect Type 2. |
|
|
What is insulin?
|
Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas in response to increased blood sugar. It causes your body's cells to pull glucose from blood vessels.
|
|
|
What is the issue concerning insulin with Type 1 diabetes?
|
The pancreas does not secrete enough insulin in response to an increase in blood sugar.
|
|
|
What happens with insulin in Type 2 diabetes?
|
The pancreas secretes plenty of insulin, but the cells of the body don't respond to it.
|
|
|
What makes the cells not respond to insulin in Type 2 diabetes?
|
usually a deficiency in glucose receptors on the cell membranes
|
|
|
Why do diabetics inject insulin directly into the bloodstream?
|
Insulin is a protein that is digested by stomach acids and enzymes of the small intestine. It would be broken down by the digestive system if ingested.
|
