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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 main functions of the lymphatic system?
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1) Recycling - fluid & proteins
2) Fighting Illness 3) Retrieving Proteins |
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What and how does the lymphatic system recycle?
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fluid & proteins back into the bloodstream that diffuse from the blood capillaries during circulation.
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How does the lymphatic system fight illness?
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Lymph nodes (packed w/ white blood cells) remove dangerous viruses, bacteria, cancer cells, etc. from the body as lymph circulates.
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How does the lymphatic system retrieve proteins?
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Little projections that extend into the small intestine absorb lipids from the digestive tract and shuttle them to the bloodstream.
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Fluid constantly leaks out of the circulatory system. Describe!
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In the capillary beds, blood pressure forces a small amount of vessels.
Fluid enters lymphatic vessels through open ends. |
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What returns fluid to the circulatory system?
Where? |
lymphatic circulation returns fluid to the circulatory system
its connection at veins in the lower part of the neck |
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Where are bacteria and dead blood cells transported to be destroyed?
What destroys them? |
lymphatic system transports them to the lymph nodes
they are destroyed by white blood cells |
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Respiration!
Why exchange gasses? * Why is oxygen needed? * How is CO2 produced? |
Gas exchange supports cellular respiration.
* O2 is needed to get the most energy from a cell of glucose. * CO2 is produced during the metabolism of glucose. |
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4 steps connecting respiration to cellular respiration.
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inhaling O2 ----> exhaling CO2
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1) Oxygen is inhaled into the lungs, deposited in the _______ and transported to _________.
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deposited in blood
transported to body cells. |
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2) O2 generates CO2 as a waste product in cellular respiration. How?
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O2 converts the energy in nutrients into ATP, generating CO2 as a waste product
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3) Blood transports CO2 from _____ to ______.
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tissues to lungs.
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4) CO2 released!
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....from lungs during exhalation.
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*Evolutionary adaptions for gas exchange*
How do small animals in aquatic / moist environments get by without specialized respiratory structures? |
Diffusion.
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2 evolutionary adaptations....that help respiratory systems facilitate gas exchange.
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Larger body size
More active lifestyles |
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Active aquatic animals have _____ for breathing,
while terrestrial animals have ______ respiratory structures |
gills, internal
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Respiratory systems share 3 features:
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(1) Respiratory surface must be moist
(2) Cells lining respiratory surface are thin (3) Large respiratory surface area |
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1) Why is the respiratory surface moist?
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so gases can diffuse across cell membranes
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2) Why are cells lining the respiratory surface thin?
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to optimize gas diffusion
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3) Why is the respiratory surface area large?
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to allow for adequate gas exchange
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Gas exchange is optimized by what body shape?
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long, flat bodies.
Ex. flatworms |
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What is direct diffusion?
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when gas exchange occurs directly between cells and their environment
O2 in, CO2 out |
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What type of organisms experience direct diffusion?
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single-celled organisms, and small organisms with low metabolic demand - low oxygen demand for ATP manufacture.
Ex. flatworms |
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What are gills?
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external projections from the body that exchange gasses.
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How can gills increase their surface area?
How do they bring blood to the body surface for gas exchange? |
Can be elaborately folded to maximize their surface area
Have many capillaries to bring blood to body surface for gas exchange |
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What is the bony flap that protects fish gills?
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operculum
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How do fish control water flow over their gills?
Water flows in one direction over gills and out of the body through --------? |
by swimming with their mouths open.
Water flows in one direction over gills and out of body through opercular openings |
