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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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genome
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genetic info of a cell
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what type of DNA do Genomes have in Eukaryotes
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Linear DN
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locus
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area a specific chromosome occcupies
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cells often contain 2 copies of each chromosomes
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homologues chromosomes
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diploid
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two sets of chromosomes
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haploid
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one set of chromosomes
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genomic equivalence
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each cell contains the same genes- exact same
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a typical human karyotype has
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46 chromosomes
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aneuploidy
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different number of chromosomes outside of 46 in the typical human karyotype
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polyploidy
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miscommunication by producing too much or too little product
proteins or enzymes |
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when chromosomes fail to separate
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non-disjunction
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centromere
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condensed region of chromosome
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telomeres
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portion on either side of the centromere
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kinetochere
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disc-shaped protein to which spindle fiber attatched
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sister chromatids
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identical copies of chromosomes
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homologous chromosomes
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two version of chromosomes in diploidr
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eukaryotic chromosomes
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DNA tightly coiled around histones proteins
composed of Chromatin (DNA, RNA, and Protein) |
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a chromosome before cell division
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each chromosome duplicated connected at centromere
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cell division
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restores chromosome number
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prokaryotes
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aesexual reproduction
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what two processes do eukaryotes undergo
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mitosis and meiosis
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nuclear division (mitosis)
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duplication of genome
followed by a single cell division to produce 2 genetically identical daughter cells |
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interphase accounts for what percent of cell cycle
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90%
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interphase has 3 subphases
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G1 phase- first gap... does cell work
s phase-makes new copy of DNA G2 phase- prepares cells for division |
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Mitosis- 4 subphases
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late interphase- chromosomes have been duplicated but are loosely packed
early prophase- the chromosomes are tightly coiled with sister chromatids joined together... mitotic spindle forms anaphase- centromeres divide, separate the sites chromatids telephase- cell continues to elongate... two nuclei begin to form |
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metaphase
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spindle fibers push/pull sister chromatids until they are all arranged at the metaphase plate
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when does cytokinesis occur
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during telephase
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what type of cells have cycles of different lengths
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embryonic cell and nerve cell
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protein complexes that regulate progression through cell cycle
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MPF
APC KIANASES |
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mitotic CDK is expressed only in what phase
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M phase
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cell grown in culture obey 3 principles
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anchorage dependent growth
density dependent inhibition hayflick limit |
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apoptosis
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programmed cell death
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cancer is an abnormal proliferation of what
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cells
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what causes cancer
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caused by virus insertion of genes that turn on oncogenes, or inhibit apoptosis
mutation in the cells own DNA that regulates the cell |
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hallmarks of cancer cells
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self sufficient growth-oncogenes, tumor suppressor mutants can lead to
increased sensitivity to growth factors growth in absence of growth factor intro of neighboring cells to make growth factors |
